Stigmatization A Mental Health Clinical Case Analysis Nursing Essay

Belittling A Mental Health Clinical Case Analysis Nursing Essay During my emotional well-being clinical pivot at Karwan-e-hayat, I experienced a multi year old female patient with the finding of Obsessive urgent issue and melancholy in her rehabilitative stage. She gave Rs 50/ - to the nursing partner to bring nimco for her which cost Rs 25/ - . The nursing right hand came back with the nimco however didn't restored the rest Rs 25/ - to the patient by saying that no cash was left. At the point when the patient announced the episode to the medical attendant, the medical caretaker didn't give any consideration to the patient. First and foremost the medical caretaker said that she dont have the opportunity to discuss it followed by the announcements, for example, Unlike you, I have an excess of work to do and afterward when the patient went to another attendant, she disregarded the patient additionally by saying that The nursing colleague would not have been lying. Patients like you go back and forth from here consistently saying these sorts of thin gs. Proceed to accomplish your work. The patient disappeared unobtrusively looking down. Later she verbalized Nobody pays attention to us as we are intellectually sick patients. So we cannot do anything. Moreover she said Does being intellectually sick methods we are not people? Disgrace is a Greek word significance mark, and is gotten from the action word stizein to tattoo, to prick, to cut. Shame is normally a characteristic of disfavor or notoriety, which prompts activity: victimization the slandered individual (Arboleda-Flâ'orez Sartorius, 2008, P.69). disgrace happens when driving social gathering decreases the characteristics of a less persuasive gathering. Disgrace in human services is a typical substance for some gatherings of the network. One of which is mental patients. Individuals recognized as having psychological well-being issues are one of the most minimized gatherings in the public eye (Martin, 2009, p.6) The previously mentioned case is a case of such cases whereby an intellectually sick patient was slandered in the clinic settings by the medicinal services proficient. Numerous patients and overviews have featured this sheer reality that medicinal services experts themselves show deriding practices and practices (Hinshaw, 2007). Besides, they delineate dehumanizing conduct and brought down desire towards intellectually sick. For this situation, the social insurance proficient legitimately passed on vilifying remarks to the customer. As indicated by Hinshaw, (2007), the social insurance suppliers in some cases utilize visit remarks which are destructive jokes for the customers. They regularly utilize critical terms for the patients with each other within the sight of the patient, as if the patients were absent there. This conduct from the side of the social insurance supplier makes the patient uncertainty their own self, driving towards self-trashing (Hinshaw, 2007). This self-belittl ing thus makes the patients question their own confidence, bringing down their own mental self portrait (Hinshaw, 2007; Link, Struening, Todd, Asmussen, Phelan, 2001). One of the records introduced by Hinshaw in 2007 obviously expresses that a child has disguised the conviction that his grandma rebuffs him on account of his mischief as a youngster and self-censuring himself for the grown-up mental scenes which he was having. Along these lines, open disgrace makes the patients feel that there is a major issue with them and they dont have the right to exist in this world. Numerous intellectually sick individuals need to get settled in the general public yet can't do so on the grounds that the world trashes them, the human services experts criticize them and afterward they question their own validity winding up in self-slandering their own selves. As per previous U.S. specialist David satchers report on dysfunctional behavior of 1999, he unmistakably presumed that disgrace prompts low confidence, seclusion, and hopelessness㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦, it denies individuals of their pride and meddles with their full investment in the public arena. (Satcher, 1999) That plainly features the affected capacities of the person on the grounds of psychological sickness. As per the essayist, self-shame is unavoidable. This featured impact of self-shame is obviously clear for the situation introduced above by the activity of the patient herself, which she has looked down and moved away. This brought down confidence thusly brings out sadness in the customers (Link, Struening, Todd, Asmussen, Phelan, 2001). Like the customer in the given case situation says that no one pays attention to us. We cannot do anything. That obviously distinguishes the idea of misery that the patient has no expectations from life and has acknowledged clear thrashing on account of the disgrace related with psychological sickness. The following inquiry is the means by which does shame influences the recovery of the intellectually sick patients. How can it influence the adapting abilities of the intellectually sick patients? What are the methods for dealing with stress of the intellectually sick patients which they use in disgrace? What are the ways of dealing with stress of the patients with mental issues who are very much aware of the truth and comprehend this idea of disgrace, instead of the psychosis patients. As per writing, numerous multiple times, the shame presented is because of a considerable lot of the peculiar side effects brought about by psychosis and the patients with depressions likewise need to accept it as they all fall under the class of dysfunctional behavior for the laymen paying little mind to psychosis and despondency (Hinshaw, 2007). As indicated by the moral rule E of the American mental affiliation, the patients have the privilege of poise and regard paying little heed to any distincti ons; that suggests to both psychosis and hypochondria (Lowman, 2005). The insane patient as referenced before is away from the truth content yet they definitely comprehend that they are being dealt with wrongly. (Levine, 2009) They can't think judiciously however doubtlessly they are individuals and are seeing what is new with them. Numerous multiple times we witness that they cry over little things which are turning out badly with them. They are seeing the conduct of the medicinal services supplier however can't interrelate it to their past experience. Notwithstanding the psychosis, it isn't right to treat them any awful so how awful would it be able to be for the mental issues customer whose reality content is unblemished and who can excuse everything that is going on with them and who can interrelate these perspectives with their past and afterward can feel the disgrace (Hinshaw, 2007). The patient in the previously mentioned case situation would be compelled to think if somethin g isn't right with her subsequent in sentiments of disgrace and blame. This blame thus takes the patient in the circumstance of self-belittling which leads on to misery which plainly influences the method for dealing with stress of the person since if the individual would be sad towards his disease, the reconstitution would be deferred (Hinshaw, 2007). Derision influences the individual reaction of the patient which is an essential piece of procedure of adapting. The individual reactions are individualized and can change after some time. Numerous multiple times, the system which patients use to stay away from shame and to safeguard their confidence is mystery, which protects their confidence yet confines the person from social help (Satcher, 1999; Hinshaw, 2007). shame has a significant part in deciding general wellbeing results by uncovering defamed people to wellbeing unsafe conditions, by totaling pressure, declining adapting, and by putting a barrior to accepting human services (Link Phelan, 2006). As indicated by Corrigan and Watson (2002) as refered to in hinsaw, 2007 there are numerous new reasons rising to legitimize the purpose behind certain people to react with outrage though some to nerely disregard the disgrace and proceed onward with their lives while some disguise the contrary message while harming their mental self view. In the event that shame related danger is accepted to be of more prominent extent than ones adapting reactions, a few sorts of intentional and automatic responses can come to fruition, as brought down confidence, decreased accomplishment, and bargained physical wellbeing. (Hinshaw, 2007) A few inquiries emerge Looking upon the conduct of the human services proficient, for example, is the mentality of the medical attendant legitimate? Would she have had the equivalent slandered responsein the instance of another pfysically sick patient? On the off chance that she would have, at that point she isn't following the moral guideline E of the American mental relationship of regard of people groups right and poise. This rule obviously expresses that the paying little heed to the consciousness of the inability, the social insurance supplier needs to keep up the regard of the patient. For the infringement of this moral guideline, who is capable? The attendant or the general public to see all the intellectually sick patients on a solitary frequency and disparage them. Who is responsible for it? The medical caretaker or the emergency clinic settings or either the general public to be responsible for such disparagement? Would a similar conduct have occurred in the western setting s? In the event that the patient would have sued the in the court, whose announcements would be increasingly esteemed and tuned in to the attendants or the intellectually sick customers who is savaged and trashed in the network by the names of unreasonable and unfathomable. Numerous records of the discouraged patients express the way that they are not been paid attention to while giving a few articulations in light of the shame related though if some other individual of obsessive interminable condition gives a similar explanation, it is paid attention to (Shaw, 1998). In the settings of the previously mentioned case situation, would anybody have had tuned in to her that her privileges are being damaged or would this all be given the name of psychological maladjustment and relinquished? One progressively side of derision comes when we bother typical individuals by the names of the demonized individuals to humiliate them. In regular day to day existence, language designs demonstrates an uneasiness with mental turmoil over all age bunches with a large group of terms identified with dysfunctional behavior used to substitute and mortify the individuals who damage normal practices. They are related with intellectually sick and words like psycho and wacho are utilized to look at

Sample Personal Statement Free Essays

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American literature This I believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American writing This I accept - Essay Example On the off chance that you have not perused, remembered, and kept on the most fundamental level that immense and important blessing by our incredible precursors, you would be wise to do. Something else, your responsibility to the reason for equity, the reason for fairness might be really question. One can't have an answer why you have not perused the American revelation of freedom. No reason can be gotten notification from the anybody’s mouth why they have not perused their revelation of freedom. I put stock in its substance, expectations, and indicates. With respect to my case, I will up to the word, phrases, and the importance planned by our incredible precursors. What else would we be able to request? (American Declaration of Independence, para.2). The revelation instructs us and what not to. Our affirmation of autonomy should be pronounced a miracle of the world. It should be an authoritative report with a power of law. It ought to be the grundnorm against which we measure our practices. Have we sought after to the fullest our entitlement to be glad? Are American individuals glad, as we as a whole merit? Do we trust the facts demonstrate that satisfaction is a reality that is plainly obvious? Do we accept that our entitlement to right to life and freedom and joy are basic? Do we figure we should show others how its done and taint all the countries of the world with our firm accept that we should be cheerful? On the off chance that we completely comprehend, our assertion of freedom do we treat different countries as they merit. Regardless of whether the non-derogable are rights to life, opportunity, and quest for bliss constrained to Americans as it were? The American individuals, we should not to decipher the words scholarly. They should be given the amplest conceivable translation. In our quest for the privilege to life and quest for satisfaction, we should preserve the world condition. We ought not be partakers in the complicity of debasing the world condition. We should show others how its done and have different people’s satisfaction in having a clean and

Sweat by Hurston Essay - 1375 Words

Sweat by Hurston (Essay Sample) Content: Student Name:Course:Lecturer Name:Date of Submission:Sweat by HurstonThe story of sweat as written by Hurston starts by introducing the reader to the aspect of protagonist. As Delia is seen sorting out her clothes at her home in Florida. The clothing with sweat is used symbolic. The aspect that the main character in the story is the washerwoman called Delia. The author tries to demonstrate the womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s history of hard times and challenges. For an instance Delia shows a habit of working up-to late hours especially on Sunday night so that she can begin her week earlier, and it happens after she has come out of church (Eagle 100). She is seen singing a song that have a mournful key and she tend to wonder about where her husband by the name Sykes since the horse and the working equipments are around. The aspect of women hard labor existed especially on the African-American women that were offering domestic labor by then in South America.During that period women w ere never respected by their husbands. The authors narrates that as Delia tries to think deep about the whereabouts of her husband, she all over a sudden feels the sound of a snake falling, the incidence makes her to scream loud but to her disbelieve after looking around she finds out that ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s her husband standing in front of her holding bullwhip used to ride the horses (Hurson 230). Such incidence creates an imagine to the reader that is striking but, the reader is supposed to create a different opinion in that the imagine created is not coincidental but the husband is trying to impose an oppressive figure. A habit that indicates the husband does not respect her man. The snake is used to illustrate a symbol of evil. It is seen that Delia is so scared of the snake but the husband does not even care about what the wife is feelingThe circumstance the husband has created makes the wife to become angry. She develops such moods after realizing the husband has intentionally mad e the whip to look like a snake, and the wife scolds the husband in exchange to her behaviors. The husband is seen to be less concerned about what the wife is going through in-terms of her feelings, he even gets to an extent of yelling at her because she has put on whiteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s peoples clothes in their house. Previously he had told her about how he dislikes that habit. The wife is seen trying to ignore him but he makes the situation interesting by kicking the neat pile, the wife has made. The husband is so determined to fight the wife by provoking her with bitter words. But it reaches an extent the wife becomes sick and tired of the husbandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s behavior, so she starts to screams mentioning how determined she has been all through. The situation becomes more violent when she picks up a iron skillet on the stove as she wants to strike him. He is seen being reflecting what has just been happening since he is the one who has stirred up her anger. As the author mentions, her action of picking an iron frightens the husband, and he does not strike her unlike the previous episodes. From the above scenario, it is indicative that, he is also physically abusive when it comes to her wife, but she become rebellious a move that supervised him (Mario 69).The other encounter that comes up is that, Sykes is seen living her wife alone to deal with her unhappy moments and marriage alone. He goes ahead to annoy his wife by sleeping with other women. For an instance, he is seen sleeping with Bertha. He spends all the cash he has earned through much struggle, and he buys for Bertha some precious gifts so as to keep her happy but on the contrary the wife is unhappy. He presents gifts like flowers, and fruits. The fruits and flowers are used in the story to indicate womanhood. Sykes waits until when the wife is still asleep in the morning and stills covers. All the above mentioned circumstances they are signs to indicate that the household is full of problems. The wife i s seen to perceiver her husbandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s abusive character, and she is optimistic that one day he will change. She tries to comfort herself by assuming that one day she will be relieved from the hard time the husband is posing to her. She believes that one day the husband will be paid back.The previous scene is brought to an end, and the readers start to notice that time has gone. Delia is seen coming out of her house to go to wash her clothes. She tries to separate white and black clothes. The white stand for something clean while the black stands for something dark or something bad. Delia wants everything to be clean but on the contrary, Sykes doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t care. She finds herself being paid for her efforts with her sweat and blood. As she is going to wash the clothes, she comes across men sited. The men start to comment about the beauty of Delia, and their conversation changes the tone of the story. The try to reflect back about how Delia used to be, they are comparing he r past life with her present moments. They are saying that, she used to be so pretty and admirable, but now she is not looking good. They are also trying to compare Delia behavior with that of Bertha, and they start to lament her. The people of the whole town are seen to be offended with the Sykes behaviors; they are so fed up only that there is nothing they can do to change the situation (Robert 50). On her way back home from washing the clothes, Delia comes into face to face with Sykes in front Bertha. Sykes is telling Bertha that he will buy her some new clothes, and whatever else she would want from him. He does that so as to annoy Delia and please himself.After some few moments, it is noticed that Bertha has been staying in town for the past three months. The author mentions that Delia and Sykes are over fighting day and night without even giving each other a break. They spend most of the time being silence. When they are eating or even eating they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t dare to excha nge any word. Delia tries to develop some friendship with her husband but the h... Sweat by Hurston Essay - 1375 Words Sweat by Hurston (Essay Sample) Content: Student Name:Course:Lecturer Name:Date of Submission:Sweat by HurstonThe story of sweat as written by Hurston starts by introducing the reader to the aspect of protagonist. As Delia is seen sorting out her clothes at her home in Florida. The clothing with sweat is used symbolic. The aspect that the main character in the story is the washerwoman called Delia. The author tries to demonstrate the womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s history of hard times and challenges. For an instance Delia shows a habit of working up-to late hours especially on Sunday night so that she can begin her week earlier, and it happens after she has come out of church (Eagle 100). She is seen singing a song that have a mournful key and she tend to wonder about where her husband by the name Sykes since the horse and the working equipments are around. The aspect of women hard labor existed especially on the African-American women that were offering domestic labor by then in South America.During that period women w ere never respected by their husbands. The authors narrates that as Delia tries to think deep about the whereabouts of her husband, she all over a sudden feels the sound of a snake falling, the incidence makes her to scream loud but to her disbelieve after looking around she finds out that ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s her husband standing in front of her holding bullwhip used to ride the horses (Hurson 230). Such incidence creates an imagine to the reader that is striking but, the reader is supposed to create a different opinion in that the imagine created is not coincidental but the husband is trying to impose an oppressive figure. A habit that indicates the husband does not respect her man. The snake is used to illustrate a symbol of evil. It is seen that Delia is so scared of the snake but the husband does not even care about what the wife is feelingThe circumstance the husband has created makes the wife to become angry. She develops such moods after realizing the husband has intentionally mad e the whip to look like a snake, and the wife scolds the husband in exchange to her behaviors. The husband is seen to be less concerned about what the wife is going through in-terms of her feelings, he even gets to an extent of yelling at her because she has put on whiteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s peoples clothes in their house. Previously he had told her about how he dislikes that habit. The wife is seen trying to ignore him but he makes the situation interesting by kicking the neat pile, the wife has made. The husband is so determined to fight the wife by provoking her with bitter words. But it reaches an extent the wife becomes sick and tired of the husbandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s behavior, so she starts to screams mentioning how determined she has been all through. The situation becomes more violent when she picks up a iron skillet on the stove as she wants to strike him. He is seen being reflecting what has just been happening since he is the one who has stirred up her anger. As the author mentions, her action of picking an iron frightens the husband, and he does not strike her unlike the previous episodes. From the above scenario, it is indicative that, he is also physically abusive when it comes to her wife, but she become rebellious a move that supervised him (Mario 69).The other encounter that comes up is that, Sykes is seen living her wife alone to deal with her unhappy moments and marriage alone. He goes ahead to annoy his wife by sleeping with other women. For an instance, he is seen sleeping with Bertha. He spends all the cash he has earned through much struggle, and he buys for Bertha some precious gifts so as to keep her happy but on the contrary the wife is unhappy. He presents gifts like flowers, and fruits. The fruits and flowers are used in the story to indicate womanhood. Sykes waits until when the wife is still asleep in the morning and stills covers. All the above mentioned circumstances they are signs to indicate that the household is full of problems. The wife i s seen to perceiver her husbandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s abusive character, and she is optimistic that one day he will change. She tries to comfort herself by assuming that one day she will be relieved from the hard time the husband is posing to her. She believes that one day the husband will be paid back.The previous scene is brought to an end, and the readers start to notice that time has gone. Delia is seen coming out of her house to go to wash her clothes. She tries to separate white and black clothes. The white stand for something clean while the black stands for something dark or something bad. Delia wants everything to be clean but on the contrary, Sykes doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t care. She finds herself being paid for her efforts with her sweat and blood. As she is going to wash the clothes, she comes across men sited. The men start to comment about the beauty of Delia, and their conversation changes the tone of the story. The try to reflect back about how Delia used to be, they are comparing he r past life with her present moments. They are saying that, she used to be so pretty and admirable, but now she is not looking good. They are also trying to compare Delia behavior with that of Bertha, and they start to lament her. The people of the whole town are seen to be offended with the Sykes behaviors; they are so fed up only that there is nothing they can do to change the situation (Robert 50). On her way back home from washing the clothes, Delia comes into face to face with Sykes in front Bertha. Sykes is telling Bertha that he will buy her some new clothes, and whatever else she would want from him. He does that so as to annoy Delia and please himself.After some few moments, it is noticed that Bertha has been staying in town for the past three months. The author mentions that Delia and Sykes are over fighting day and night without even giving each other a break. They spend most of the time being silence. When they are eating or even eating they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t dare to excha nge any word. Delia tries to develop some friendship with her husband but the h...

Impression Management Of A Networked Setting Reading Pop...

Boyd, Danah. â€Å"Impression Management in a Networked Setting† Reading pop culture, 2nd Ed Edited by Jeff Osbourne. Bedford / St. Martins, 2016, PP, 122-127 In â€Å"Impression Management in a Networked Setting†, the reading focuses on how people and mainly adolescents project a type of fade on social media sites. The author states how many young people today are sad, but when on Facebook only take happy looking selfies and hide their true feelings, so they can get more likes from friends. And even how your social media profile page can make a good, or bad impression for a future employer; forcing teens to be more warry about what pictures, videos and reshares that are on their profile page. In the book, it goes into the scenario that teenagers†¦show more content†¦However, when the teens were shown a post of their friends, or people they know with drugs and alcohol; there was no effect to their pleasure center of the brain. Meaning that teens will most likely like / share photos of drugs and alcohol that their friend reshare without a second thought. The reporter in this article got her information from top scientist fro m UCLA Brain Mapping Center. In â€Å"Teens: This is How Social Affects Your Brain†, the researchers never tested adults only adolescent, to see the effect of social media on their brain. This article makes fine research material for a more scientific description of the teen brain, when using social media. Freitas, Donna. â€Å"The Happiness Effect: How Social Media is Driving a Generation to Appear Perfect at Any Cost†. Oxford University Press, 2016. Ebook. In the EBook â€Å"The Happiness Effect: How Social Media is Driving a Generation to Appear Perfect at Any Cost†, the author, Donna Freitas, has a PhD is sociology and has conducted years of research on the topic of social media effecting teens. Donna focuses on how Social media has become the dominant force in young people s lives, and each day seems to bring another shocking tale of private pictures getting into the wrong hands, or a lament that young people feel compelled to share every thought with the entire globe. Pulling from countless survey and interviews with students on thirteen college campuses,

Corporate Social Responsibility On Firms Financial...

In this article, we will be looking at the effect Corporate Social Responsibility on firm’s financial performance. I will introduce a few examples of some practices that could be implemented towards CSR actions plans that will benefit financial production. I will also include examples of some well known companies that have implemented some of the practices mentioned and what these changes did for the company. When a company or firm makes an investment in Corporate Social Responsibility practices, it should also be looked at as an investment in company reputation. Normally when investors are looking for potential clients, they look at a company’s reputation. Employees also look towards companies’ reputations, meaning companies with better†¦show more content†¦These types of practices can prove very effective in lowering costs and increasing efficiency within the company. CSR practices also make firms look more attractive to stakeholders by creating less of a risk factor. Organizations engaged in CSR practices signal that they are committed and willing to meet stakeholder demands and communicate better throughout their company including investors, shareholders, employees and customers. CSR can also be a driver of innovation. Operational changes that come due to CSR can lead to growth opportunities through new product development and cost savings from production efficiencies. Increasing environmental performance through CSR affects companies’ bottom-line measures by strengthening and improving environmental practices. For example, waste management and reducing pollution. A company can better financial performance through increased revenues and lower costs. Ever since the beginning of industry, companies for the most part have involved themselves in corporate social responsibility. Lately the practice of CSR has grown quite a bit, although there are still concerns about corporations’ roles in social responsibilities. Currently the majority of fortune 1000 companies implements CSR reports and are trying to define and integrate CSR into all parts of their organization. CSR has become increasingly important for large companies and firms, but many debate that the responsibilities of CSR fall on the government and should not be

Enforceable Business Agreement Contract Law

Question: Describe the Enforceable Business Agreement for Contract Law. Answer: 1 Under all the three cases mentioned below, the analysis is to find out if there is an enforceable agreement from Jack and Jane and if there is consideration involved as per the rules of the Contract Law. The analysis is done based on the definition of the Contract act and its fundamental essence a ) Jane is going overseas and she offers to give her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack. The market value for this type of vehicle in good condition is around $25 000. Jack accepts The key elements of a legally enforceable contract is that A )There must be an offer B ) The other party has to accept the offer C ) The acceptance has to be on the back of a consideration D ) There must be an intention to fulfill a mutual obligation wherein the offerer offers and the offeree discharges a valid consideration E ) Both the parties must be competent and capable of entering into a contract. F ) In some cases, there has to be written instrument. In the instant case, Jane has made an offer to give the car when she is going overseas. Jack has accepted the obligation to keep the car. Since the car is not sold to Jack for a valid consideration, there is no mutuality of obligation as mentioned in point D above. Though the market value of the car is $ 25,000 there is no consideration exchanged. Hence this is not an enforceable contract and no consideration. It is only a request to keep the car which Jack has accepted to discharge. b ) Jane offers to sell Jack her Lotus Super 7 sports car for $ 25 000. The market value for this type of vehicle in good condition is around $ 25 000. Jack accepts In this case, unlike case b above, Jane is selling the car and Jack has accepted the offer of Jane by accepting to buy the car. Hence there is mutuality of obligation as per Point D above. The discharge of obligation is also on a valid consideration amount. Hence all the points mentioned above are satisfied in this case There is an offer Which Jane has made to Jack There is an acceptance of the offer Jack has accepted the offer Consideration There is a consideration to fulfill the contract There is a mutual obligation Jane is obliged to deliver the car and Jack is obliged to discharge the consideration. Competency and capability Both parties are competent and capable to enter into a contract Written instrument There is no strict stipulation that contracts have to be written. Even an oral contract like this one is enforceable c ) Jane offers to sell Jack her Lotus Super 7 sports car for $2500. The market value for this type of vehicle in good condition is around $25 000. Jack accepts. In this case, all the conditions mentioned in answer b above are fulfilled. Hence this is a valid enforceable contract. In the absence of other information, the magnitude of the amount compared to the market value of the car is not a valid criterion to assess to check the enforceability of the contract. Hence the amount of $ 2500 to sell the car when the market price is $ 25000 is not to be considered when assessing the validity of the contract and its enforceability. The value for a contract is be assessed objectively and in case the purchaser and the seller have agreed to the consideration, law has no locus standi to question the adequacy of the same 2. A shipbuilder had contracted to build a tanker for North Ocean Tankers. The contract was in US dollars and didnt contain any provisions for currency fluctuations. Approximately halfway through construction of the ship, the United States devalued its currency by 10 per cent. As the shipbuilder stood to make a loss on the contract, it demanded that an extra US $ 3 million be paid or it would stop work. The buyer reluctantly agreed under protest to pay, as he already had a charter for the tanker and it was essential that it be delivered on time. The buyer didnt commence action to recover the excess payment until some nine months after delivery. Will the buyer succeed in recovering the excess? 2 - Under the contract law, duress or coercion occurs whereby a person is forced to perform a certain act which he does not want to do but agrees to do it purely out of force, threat, violence or other forms of pressure not in the normal course of functioning. Thus duress is a pressure which is exerted upon a person to perform or not perform an act contra distinct from that of behavior of a normal person with all degrees of freedom to act. Thus duress curbs the degrees of freedom of a defendant in extraordinary circumstances In terms of contract law, duress refers to a situation where one of the parties got elevated into an advantageous position due to any circumstance and abused the position by subjecting the other party to a threat. Black Law Dictionary defines duress that it is a threat of harm made to force the other party to do something against his or her will which results in ascendance of the threatening party in comparison to the threatened party and force action without real volition. Under contract law, there are two types of duress namely a) Physical Duress b) Economic Duress. In the instant case, where the ship builder has demanded extra compensation, it is a clear case of Economic Duress. For Economic Duress to occur, there has to be illegal economic pressure on the other party to conduct his affairs in an extraordinary fashion. The pre requisites are There is an improper threat There is no alternative of the disadvantaged party but to accept the other party conditions The threat changes the color of the contract which was originally made and defeats or alters the original intention of the contract There is an objective financial distress being caused to the other party If these above conditions are satisfied then the contract can be made voidable by the sufferer (HubPages, 2016) In the instant case, there is a shipbuilder who has entered into a contract with North Ocean Tankers to build a tanker at a certain price in US dollars. The contract has not envisaged any provision for financial loss due to currency fluctuations. However, after the first installment, US devalued their currency by 10 % and the ship builder demanded compensation of USD 3 million as compensation for the financial loss with the threat that delivery will not be adhered to if the owner does not make good the loss. Thus the shipbuilder put an improper threat ultra vires to the terms of the agreed contract and the contract could be made voidable by North Ocean Tankers. However, North Ocean tankers decided to pay the compensation under the fear that they may lose the charter for the tanker if the tanker was not delivered on time. In the case of North Ocean Shipping versus Hyundai which is a similar case, North Ocean had agreed to pay the compensation since they wished to maintain amicable rel ationship and without prejudice to their rights. (E-lawresources.co.uk, 2016) The judgment was that amicable relationship is not good consideration. One of the pre a condition of a contract is that there has to a consideration and has to be measurable. Amicable relationship is not an objective measurable consideration and hence it is not good consideration . But the act was performed under Economic Duress as defined above where there was an improper threat from the ship builder to cancel the delivery, North Ocean was disadvantaged and ship builder went into an ascendant position because of the economic duress caused, the color of the contract and the financial conditions were materially changed and the objective financial distress of USD 3 mn was measurable. Hence the contract was voidable at the option of North Ocean. But they chose to keep it alive without any alteration. They could have entered into a fresh contract with the ship builder by rescinding the original contract if they wanted to continue with the construction of the ship with the same ship buil der. They chose to remain silent and pay the USD 3 mn as compensation to maintain amicable relation. Amicable relation is not a valid obligation for a contract. (Netk.net.au, 2016) At the same time, they delayed in bringing the case to the court by nine months after delivery of the vessel. The obligation of North Ocean in this case is two pronged which has not been discharged Rescind the contract and demand compensation from the ship builder as per the terms of the original contract in addition to business loss OR Ratify the original contract by entering into a new contract with revised financial terms OR In case of dispute, register a case against the ship builder for creating Economic Duress in the instant moment (Academia.edu, 2016) North Ocean on the other hand did not take any of the steps mentioned above and chose to remain silent until 9 months of delivery. Hence though the case is a fit case of Economic Duress and the contract is voidable, excess is not recoverable from the ship builder. North Ocean by their choice of inaction had affirmed the original contract and had lost all right of rescinding the same. The contract was voidable due to the duress, which in the absence of timely action under any of the three methods stated above, they had lapsed their right to rescind and claim compensation. (Australiancontractlaw.com, 2016) In the North Ocean versus Hyundai case which is a similar case, there were some additional points which were facts of the case. The additional compensation of USD 3 mn was backed by a reverse letter of credit given by the builder to the owner. At the same time, North Ocean had agreed to the compensation without prejudice to their rights(Quizlet.com, 2016) Considering this fact, the additional letter of credit for USD 3 mn given by the builder was considered to be adequate consideration for the agreement to pay 10 % more than the contract value as compensation for undertaking the additional obligation and had held themselves liable to the increased loss. Thus when a threat to a contract had led to an additional contract, such contract made on adequate consideration was under economic duress and hence was voidable. But given that no action was taken by North Ocean indirectly affirms the contract in the absence of the explicit statement that it is not their intention to affirm the contract to the builder. Thus the owner was not entitled to the claim of 10 % to be returned. In this judgment, the dictat of Smith versus Charlick Ltd ( 1924 ) 34 CLR and Skeate versus Beale ( 1840 ) 11 Ad El 984 was considered. References Academia.edu. (2016).Duress : the doctrine of Economic Duress | Surya Kiran - Academia.edu. [online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/8117588/Duress_the_doctrine_of_Economic_Duress [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Australiancontractlaw.com. (2016).Australian Contract Law | Julie Clarke. [online] Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/ [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Australiancontractlaw.com. (2016).Australian Contract Law | Julie Clarke. [online] Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law.html [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. E-lawresources.co.uk. (2016).North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction (The Atlantic Baron). [online] Available at: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/North-Ocean-Shipping-v-Hyundai-Construction-(The-Atlantic-Baron).php [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. HubPages. (2016).Duress and Undue Influence - Descriptions Cases. [online] Available at: https://hubpages.com/education/Duress [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Netk.net.au. (2016).Contract Law lecture: "Consideration" in Acceptance of Contract. [online] Available at: https://netk.net.au/Contract/04Consideration.asp [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Quizlet.com. (2016).Cases Week 8 Flashcards | Quizlet. [online] Available at: https://quizlet.com/23236182/cases-week-8-flash-cards/ [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016].

The Lake Essays - Human-powered Watercraft, Kayak,

The Lake It was the middle of springtime and across from my house where the incident took place. There was a lake there in which my brother and I loved to explore from time to time. The humidity and waterdrops where reminiscent of a fully functional sauna. The onslaught of heat and burning glow of the sun was relentless. Nonetheless, this fact did not bother us one bit, but gave us more incentive to dance with our cool and embracing "long-lost love". The first step of this operation was making sure that our neighbors had gone away from the house for at least two hours. Since it was their lake and property, this made it safe for us in not getting caught in the middle of our escapade. Upon this, my brother and I snuck to their backyard like two undercover police officers, until we were in the clear. Nerve-wracking minutes later, flowed the emerald green and ever-so lively lake in front of us. We stopped and starred in awe. The lake had appeared so shiny and reflective, it resembled a finely-cut diamond. The rare and distinct fragrance enticed us. It smelled like mother-nature herself, with aromas ranging from wildlife and wet grass, to evaporated swamp water and healthy dirt. Then, the time for us to find the desired vessel arrived. We chose the kayaks, and set out for the water. Carefully, with our torn-jeans rolled up, and shirts off, we dragged the massive thing over the slope of grass and mud into the shallow stream. We then hopped aboard, grabbed the paddles, and floated and splashed into nowhere. The wavy current sucked us downstream, periodically bouncing us off of sandbags and sharp branches leaning over the water- Now that was true adventure! Minutes later, my brother and I, after passing under many pipes and tunnels, floated into a huge "cul de sac" of water, with an island in the center. In our amazement, we paddled there as vigorously as toddlers learning to swim. We tied the kayaks to a thin branch with the slimy green rope mysteriously attached to them, and hopped onto the island. We basked in pure amazement. After the tempo settled, we started our natural brotherly routine. My brother and I sat on the muddy bank, with our feet dipped in water, and threw stones out as far away as we could in our competitive nature. We set aside our differences, and together, bonded. My newfound companion and I sat, laughed, fought, played, and talked, as the sun slowly left us. At this point it did not matter what happened to us for taking the kayaks, because whatever it was, it could not replace the priceless experience we shared with one another.

Free sample - Women Criminals with Mental Disorders. translation missing

Women Criminals with Mental Disorders. Women Criminals with Mental DisordersExecutive summary Positivistic approaches argue that criminal behavior is as a result of the interaction between biological, environmental as well as social factors. They propose that individuals are predisposed to crime by factors such as low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures. Biological positivism proposes that caused by biological inferiority. Biological crime theories also argue that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors with low levels of estrogen in females being shown to reduce their sexual drives hence making them less likely to commit offences related to sex. Psychological theories of crime include: Psychoanalytic theory which argues that all human beings have the natural drives as well as urges for committing crime which are repressed in the unconscious mind. Freud, the proponent of this theory argues that people with unresolved social issues who are referred to as psychopaths in psychology, have absolutely no sens e of quilt, no subjective conscience, no sense of right or wrong, and no ability to empathize and therefore are likely to engage in crime due to their compromised conscience. Cognitive development theory as a psychological theory of crime argues that criminal behavior emanates from peoples’ perception of law and morality. Learning theory on the other hand argues that people learn criminal ways by associating those who engage in the vice. Neoclassical theory of crime argues that, factors such as insanity which reduces individual’s free will make the individual more likely to engage in crime. Postpartum psychosis and Postpartum exhaustion affect the mother to the extend that she carries out infanticide. Introduction Criminology is a behavioral science that focuses on the study of the nature, extend, causes as well as the control of criminal behavior. This paper discusses criminological theories and how they play in with women criminals. It focuses majorly on mental illnesses in women and how these illnesses predispose them to crime. Previous researchers have not linked such theories with criminal behavior in women and that’s why this subject is of interest to me. Research methodology To achieve the research objectives, both primary and secondary sources of information were made use of. Primary sources of data consisted of interviews carried out on professionals such as psychologists well versed with the subject. Secondary sources of information on the other hand consisted of library research targeting books and articles touching on the subject. Research findings and discussion. Sociological positivism as a school of thought proposes that people are predisposed to crime by societal factors such as low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures (Seidman, 1996). Other proponents of this school of thought have suggested that overpopulation contributes very highly to increased crime in the society (Seidman, 1996). Theories of crime apply to both males and females. Biological theories of crime causation also popularly referred to as biological positivism are theories which argue that criminals are different from non-criminals and that crime is caused by biological inferiority (Seidman, 1996). According to this theory, the innate psychological make up produces certain physical as well as genetic traits which distinguish criminals from those who are not criminals. Hormonal abnormalities have also been linked with criminal behaviors. Researchers believe that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors. L ow levels of estrogen in women reduce their sexual drives hence make them less likely to commit offences related to sex (Cohn, 2007). Proponents of Positivistic approaches argue that criminal behavior is as a result of the interaction between biology and environmental as well as social factors (Morse, 1997). They believe that biology or genes can predispose a person to criminal behaviors. What determines if the person commits the criminal behavior or not is the environmental or social conditions the person is subjected to (Marina, 1996).   Psychological theories of crime argue that human differences make some people more predisposed to committing crime than others. These individual differences in behavior are caused by differences in personal characteristics as well as biological factors and social interactions among individuals. Psychoanalytic theory of crime was proposed by Sigmund Freud (Marina, 1996). This theory proposes that all human beings have the natural drives as well as urges for committing crime which are repressed in the unconscious mind (Marina, 1996). This shows that all human beings have an inherent capacity to commit crime. Human beings however develop inner controls to suppress this urge to commit crime as they get socialized in the society. Freud suggested that, faulty identification of children with their parents causes the development of criminal behavior in them. Freud believed that individuals with unresolved as well as deep – rooted social problems are referred to as psychopaths (Mea d, 1934). Such people have absolutely no sense of quilt, no subjective conscience, no sense of right or wrong, and no ability to empathize. These people are also known as sociopaths or antisocial personalities and are more likely to engage in crime due to their compromised conscience (Mead, 1934). Cognitive development theory is a theory that argues that criminal behavior emanates from peoples’ perception of law and morality (Mead, 1934). The proponent of this school of thought is Kohlberg, a developmental psychologist (Siegel, 2003). He proposed three levels of moral development. According to him, there are basically three levels of moral reasoning with each level having two stages. The first level of moral development occurs during middle childhood. This level is called the preconventional level. At this level, children stick to moral principles in an effort to avoid punishment by remaining obedient (Morse, 1997). The second level is termed as the conventional level and it occurs at the end of middle childhood (Cohn, 2007). At this stage, individual’s moral reasoning is pegged on the expectations that their family as well as significant others have for them (Siegel, 2003). The third stage of moral development occurs during early adulthood. At this stage, moral reasoning is no longer based on social conventions. At this stage, individuals act as change agents and strive to advance the existing social laws and order (McLennan, 1980). Failure by individuals to transit successfully from one level of moral development to another leads to moral fixation, a situation whereby, individual’s moral development is arrested. Such individuals end up engaging in criminal behaviors. This is true for men as it is for women (McLennan, 1980). Learning theory on the other hand is based on behavioral psychology principles. Behavioral psychology proponents argue that behavior is learned while its maintenance is ensured by factors such as rewards and consequences (McLennan, 1980). According to this theory therefore, people learn criminal ways by associating with people who engage in the vice. Neoclassical theory of crime argues that, though human beings exercise free will, factors such as insanity may reduce an individual’s capacity to exercise the same (Cohn, 2007). Postpartum psychosis, also referred to as postpartum blues, is simply a psychological depression that occurs to a large number of mothers after delivery (Moyer, 2001). Its estimated to occur in about 50% of all mothers after giving birth. This condition has been termed by mental health experts as a leading precipitator of infanticide. This condition attacks women some few months after pregnancy and may linker for over a year (Moyer, 2001). Its characterized by: sadness, fatigue, disturbed sleeping pattern, reduced libido, loss of appetite, anxiety, episodes of crying and irritability. Hormonal changes in women is known to be the leading cause of the condition. Postpartum exhaustion is slightly different from postpartum depression and its is caused by fatigue, sleep deprivation as well as hormonal changes in the bodes of women immediately after giving birth (Moyer, 2001). Prevalence of this condition is higher in women who give birth to children with severe colic as well as other cond itions which result to abnormal sleep schedules (Moyer, 2001). Baby or maternity blues is a condition that affects about 80% of women after giving birth. Its characterized by mild and transitory moodiness, tearfulness, irritability, hypochondriasis, sleeplessness, concentration impairment, feelings of isolation, and headache. This condition leads to inconsistence of mothers with childcare (Deflem, 2006). Such mothers focus on the negative aspects of childcare leading to poor coping strategies. This worsens the mother-infant relationship and in most cases leads to infanticide (Deflem, 2006). Conclusion This paper has discussed Positivistic approaches to criminal behavior which argue that the tendency to engage in crime is as a result of the interaction between biological, environmental as well as social factors. Factors which predispose people to crime according to this theory have been discussed and they have included: low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures. Biological crime theories have also been discussed. They argue that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors with low levels of estrogen in females being shown to reduce their sexual drives hence making them less likely to commit offences related to sex. Psychological theories of crime have included: Psychoanalytic theory, Cognitive development theory, and Learning theory. Finally, Postpartum psychosis and Postpartum exhaustion have been seen to affect the mother to the extend that she carries out infanticide. References Cheng, E. (2007). â€Å"Independent Judicial Research in the Daubert Age†. Duke Law Journal, Vol. 56, Cohn,E. (2007). â€Å" changes in Scholarly Influence in Major International Criminology Journals†. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Vol. 40, Deflem, M. (2006). Sociological Theory and Criminological Research: Views from Europe and the United States. New York: Elsevier Marina, A. (1996). â€Å" criminal law and women: Giving the abused woman who kills a jury of her peers who appreciate trifles†. American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 33 McLennan, G. (1980). Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory. New York: Routledge. Mead, H. (1934). Mind Self and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Morse, S. (1997). â€Å"Immaturity and Irresponsibility†. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 88 Moyer, L. (2001). Criminological Theories: Traditional and Nontraditional Voices and Themes. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Seidman, D. (1996). â€Å"Juror Reactions to Attorneys at Trial†. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 87 Siegel, J. (2003). Criminology, 8th ed. London: Thomson-Wadsworth.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 18

Case study - Essay Example The second category is active sport tourism. This category includes activity holidays and active events. The third category is event sport tourism. This includes the active and passive participation in sporting events (Gibson, 1998). Gibson (1998,p.49), further conceptualizes sport tourism to be in three distinct areas; traveling to take part in a sporting event; traveling to watch a sport; or travelling to celebrate, worship, or venerate a sport. More recent definitions of sport tourism argue that it is more than a two dimensional synergetic phenomenon. In a more intricate definition, sport tourism is a social, economic and cultural phenomenon that arises from the unique interaction of activity, people, and place (Weed & Bull, 2004, p. 37). Weymouth and Portland are located on the south coast of England. This area provides some of the best sailing waters in the UK. In addition to this, the area has facilities on land to complement the sailing activities that take place. Before the 2012 Olympic games, the area already had world class facilities but some few enhancements were necessary to ensure that the facilities were suitable enough to host the sailing competition during the main Olympics and the Paralympics (london2012.com). Considering that sailing is both a competitive and leisure sporting event, there were several types of sport tourist expected to be in the area during the Olympic period. Gibson conceptualizes sport tourism to be in three distinct areas; travelling to take part; travelling to watch; or travelling to celebrate, worship or venerate a sport. From his conceptualization, the types of tourists that can and were attracted to visit Weymouth and Portland

Theories of Intelligence by Bruce Ballenger in The Curious Researcher Assignment

Theories of Intelligence by Bruce Ballenger in The Curious Researcher - Assignment Example He recalls memories of feeling intellectually inferior and derives meaning from things he has learned from research and the media and applies that knowledge to his life. Ballenger emphasizes the importance of people utilizing their strengths in order to become more accepting of their intelligence. He wrote that it took him a while to realize this. He recalled learning about he agreed with Gardner’s and Sternberg’s theories of intelligence. While he agreed with the theories, he felt that â€Å"there was a kind of intelligence that really counted and that I didn’t possess.† (p.16) Throughout the essay Ballenger takes the reader from his early childhood, to his current realization of his limitations and how this has helped him. 2. In the essay Ballenger mentions the results of a study on happiness that he learned while watching the news. The study suggested that everyone goes through a midlife crisis around the age of 52 because people at this age may come to feel that their lives did not turn out as they had hoped. These people usually feel better when they accept their strengths and weaknesses and accept that not all wishes will come true. After discussing these facts he offers commentary stating â€Å"It’s a great relief for me to know that things should be looking up.† ( p.13) On page 14 Ballenger discusses a youtube.com clip from the teen Miss USA contest where a contestant, Caitlin Upton responds incoherently to a question most people would view as common sense. Many people responded on by ridiculing Upton on the website. While Ballenger admits to ridiculing Upton, he acknowledged that he also sympathized with her because he could relate to the embarrassment that she must have been feel ing for appearing â€Å"unintelligent† He then discusses the research finding which states that American children tend to be rated on their intelligence beginning in elementary school, leading him to recall some

Bullying and Harassment Among the Lgbtq Youth Essay Example for Free

Bullying and Harassment Among the Lgbtq Youth Essay Adolescence is a difficult stage in life because it is a time for many when social status is seen as very important and self-esteem can be fragile. One’s social status can directly affect one’s self esteem and overall happiness. Unfortunately, many of those who possess a higher social status in middle and high school use it against those who are deemed socially inferior to them, whether that is due to race, attractiveness, intelligence or sexuality. In other words, the adolescents at the bottom of the social pyramid are often subjected to bullying and harassment from their socially â€Å"superior† classmates. Bullying and harassment have become a widespread problem in schools all around the United States and have proved to have serious implications, such as problems in academics for those who are victimized by bullies. Victimization from bullying and harassment can be linked to lowered self-esteem, anxiety, depression, avoidance of school, and suicide (Hawker Boulton, 2000). Unfortunately, one of the most victimized groups of students subjected to bullying and harassment is the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered and queer youth. According to the National Youth Association, 9 out of 10 LGBT students have experienced harassment while at school. It also states that LGBT teens are bullied two to three times as much as straight teens. These high rates of bullying may explain why more than one-third of LGBT kids have attempted suicide (Hawker Boulton, 2000). Specific harm aimed towards LGBTQ community, known as gay bashing and gay bullying can be defined as verbal or physical abuse against a person who is perceived by the antagonist to be gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgendered. This also includes those who are actually heterosexual but may appear to be non-heterosexual due to stereotypes. The three main types of bullying the LGBTQ youth is most subjected to are verbal harassment, physical assault, and cyber bullying. The first main type of bullying, verbal harassment may be hard to detect because it leaves no physical proof, but rather mental and emotional trauma. However, it is still a popular and damaging tactic used by bullies to hurt the LGBTQ youth everyday. In fact, according to River’s study in 1996, it is the most popular tactic among bullies. Also, according to bullyingstatistics.org, many victims of verbal bullying experience lowered self-image, and can have lasting effects in emotional and psychological ways. This type of bullying can lead to low self-esteem, as well as depression and other problems (Hawker Boulton, 2000). According to River’s study in 2001, many LGBTQ adolescents report being exposed to verbal harassment and stigmatization. River’s recent survey shows that 82% of the LGBTQ youth in schools are subjected to verbal slurs (Rivers 2001). According to another study from the Mental Health of America in 1998 on verbal abuse, students hear anti-gay slurs such as â€Å"homo†, â€Å"faggot† and â€Å"sissy† about 26 times a day, which would be about once every 14 minutes throughout their school day. Anti-gay language used on a regular basis in school settings is creating an unfriendly and unwelcoming atmosphere for the LGTBQ students, which may be causing them to be isolated and socially withdrawn (Swearer, Turner, Givens, Pollack, 2008). Although not all anti-gay slurs heard in school are meant to be malicious, it is still hurtful for the gay youth to hear. Many adolescents who use gay slurs may not be homophobic, but more ignorant to LGBTQ issues. Obviously not all homophobic name-calling is directed at young gay and lesbians. For example, researchers found that terms such as ‘‘gay’’ and â€Å"homo† are often used to refer to anything unmasculine or ‘‘uncool’’ (Duncan, 1999). Regardless of intention, the constant degradation of these words causes a hostile and uncomfortable environment for the LGBTQ youth (Thurlow, 2001). Homophobic slurs such as â€Å"That’s so gay,† or â€Å"no homo,† are popular among adolescents and often go unpunished due to the heteronormative atmosphere dominating schools (Thurlow, 2001). Many students may feel hesitant to speak out against anti-gay slurs out of fear of being persecuted themselves. In the U.K. a series of surveys commissioned by Stonewall reported that as many as 93 percent of young gay, lesbian and bisexual people who are ‘‘out’’ at school suffer verbal abuse (Thurlow, 2001). It is evident that it is not a coincidence the LGBTQ youth face the most harassment of any minority at school. Along with verbal abuse, LGBTQ youth also experience physical violence in schools across the country everyday. Back in the 1980’s and 1990’s sociologists such as Joyce Hunter thought that much of the physical abuse happening towards the LGBTQ population stemmed from the stigma and fear that came from the AIDS epidemic that was spreading rapidly among the gay community in that time. In a study as recent as 2003, 60% of LGBTQ youth had reported being assaulted physically due to their sexual orientation (Chesir-Taran, 2003) These phy sical actions towards the gay and lesbian youth has caused many to fear going to school. In fact, many LGBTQ students avoid school in order to escape the physical harassment. This drop in attendance has detrimental effects on the student’s academics (American Educational Research Association). According to StopBullying.gov, since LGBTQ students are more likely to avoid school they are at a higher risk for decreased academic achievement, including lower GPA and standardized test scores—and school participation. They are more likely to miss, skip, or drop out of school as well. LGBTQ youth that have been subjected to physical harassment, or youth perceived†¨as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender, are more are also more likely smoke, use alcohol and drugs, or engage in other risky behaviors (Rivers 2001). This also causes lesbians, gays or bisexuals to be twice as likely as their peers to be depressed and think about or attempt suicide (Russell Joyner, 2001). This high rate is physical abuse may be one of the reasons why the American Educational Research Association reported that LGBT teens are 3.3 times more likely to think about committing suicide than heterosexual teenagers, as well as three times more likely to actually commit suicide. These victims of physical abuse also have higher rates of unexcused absences from school (American Educational Research Association). According to the social comparison theory, anti-gay violence, such as hates crimes tend to occur due to heterosexuals wanting to make a distinction between themselves and homosexuals. Meaning that the bullies are not acting on their own, but in a group. Some research implies that heterosexuals preform violence upon homosexuals to create a negative evaluation of LGBTQ’s, which in return creates a larger separation between homosexuals and heterosexuals. In other words, heterosexuals wants to make a clear distinction between themselves and homosexuals, and therefore violence is used to create this differentiation (American Educational Research Association). Since the LGBTQ is such a small minority group in most schools it is easy for heterosexuals to make the homosexuals the out-group, whereas other heterosexuals benefit from in-group biases and tr eatment (Herek, Berrill Berrill, 1992). What is so important about the social comparison theory and gay violence is that violence is one of the most effective and obvious way to create a differentiation between the in and out-groups. Interestingly, Herek Berill found that most crime related violent acts usually only involved one victim and one perpetrator, however when these violent acts were considered hate crimes, especially among gays and lesbians, the number of perpetrators averaged around four. Herek Berill also found in their research that boys are at a high risk for being both the perpetrator and victim, most likely due to bullies wanting to assert their sexual superiority and masculinity over homosexual boys (Herek Berill, 1992). In contrast to being pushed into lockers or being called homophobic slurs while walking down the hallway to class, LGBTQ students are subjected to a new form of harassment nowadays, which takes place outside of the classroom, and more specifically on the Internet. According to stop bullying.gov, Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place via electronic technology. This includes devices such as cell phones, computers, social media sites, text messages, web chat, and websites. O ne reason that this type of bullying is on the rise is because as technology advances, adolescents become more exposed to it, while adults become more disconnected. This discrepancy in culture between adults and adolescents causes many parents to become unaware of what their children are doing on the Internet, which may put them at a risk for being harassed, or even preforming the harassment (Keith Martin, 2005). One of the most recent and well-known cases of anti-gay cyber bullying is the story of Tyler Clementi, a gay Rutgers University student. Clementi was a victim of cyber-bullying because his roommate, Dharun Ravi, spied on his make-out sessions with a hidden webcam and outed him online. This caused Tyler Clementi to kill himself by jumping off the George Washington Bridge in 2010.Studies show that LGBTQ youth who are bullied online were more likely to have skipped school, to have detentions or suspensions, or to carry a weapon to school (Ybarra, Diener-West, Leaf, 2007). In this same study, the majority of the participants who admitted to being the perpetrators of cyber bullying attributed anonymity for feeling more comfortable harassin g others online due to the fact they had little fear of repercussions or of being traced backed to crime. This leads aggressors to threaten, harass, or abuse others and to even assume a new persona or character online (Ybarra et al, 2007). The victims in this study reported that they felt more helpless when they were attacked via the Internet, than in classroom. One student from another study related to cyber bullying stated that said that she felt like there was no point in telling an adult about cyber harassment because there is no proof who actually did the bullying, simply because the perpetrator could easily say, â€Å"that wasn’t actually me, it was someone pretending to be me† (Keith Martin, 2005) Although one study found that cyber bullying is the least common type of bullying (Wang, Nansel Iannotti, 2010,) the fact that these cyber bullying victims feel as though they cannot seek help or end the victimization may explain this study found that these students had the highest rates of depression and helplessness. Some studies, such as one in 2003 say that the high rates of suicide and depression among LGTBQ youth are proof of internalized self-homophobia (van Wormer Mckinney, 2003). In other words, the LGBTQ youth are so exposed to homophobia that it has caused them to become self-hating and prejudiced against their own-selves. Hiding in the closet, not fitting in, and living in fear has caused a melting pot for self-hatred, and self-embarrassment. Findings from this research stated that those who are considered to be experiencing self-hating are at a higher risk for reckless and self-destructive behavior. The findings from this research even go as far as crediting the high rates of AIDS among gay communities to self-hatred. The results state that many gay men fail to use protection due to a subconscious belief that they feel guilty for being queer and are unable to deprogram the negative stereotypes they receive for being queer. The same researcher also found that high rates of might be due to high drug addiction rates among queers that may be brought on by self-hatred (van Wormer Mckinney, 2003). Although the recent suicides and murders of LGBTQ youth such as the death of Matthew Shepard in 1998 are unwarranted and tragic, they have started paved the way for protection of all students institutionally, regardless of sexual orientation. Promptly after the death of Shepard the organization known as PFLAG implemented 150 chapters in the U.S. schooling system (van Wormer Mckinney, 2003). These chapters helped raise press for non-discriminatory policies in schools, support straight-gay alliances, donate LGBTQ literature to libraries, and to train teachers in crisis interventions. GSA clubs in schools have been credited as one of the major factors in helping teenagers create openly gay lives with peers and relate and support them (van Wormer Mckinney, 2003) According to the Gay, Lesbian, Straight Education Network, there are over 3000 gay-straight alliance programs in high schools across the country. Van Wormer Mckinney describe harm reduction principals as a guide produced by the U.S. Department of Education and Justice to minimize violence against students. Recently, the state of Massachusetts was the first state to enforce teachers to discuss homosexuality as well as heterosexuality in age-appropriate ways to prevent students from feeling left out. According to the Gay Lesbian Straight Education Network, there are three different federal laws protecting LGBTQ students from bullying and harassment in schools. The first type of law that prevents bullying and harassment of LGBTQ students is known as the Enumerated Anti-Bullying Laws. The states that have implemented this specific law include: Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington. With this law LGBTQ students can feel safer at their schools and know that these laws will protect them and there will be repercussions for those who do not follow them. The second type of law protecting LGBTQ students is known as the non-discriminatory law. The following states have implanted this non-discriminatory law: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. With this law implemented LBGTQ students cannot not be denied basic fundamental rights, and are guaranteed the same opportunities as heterosexual students. Unlike the first two laws, the third law may harm or stigmatize LGBTQ students. This is because this law bans LGBTQ students from receiving extra or special protection, even though it is proven they are at a higher risk for being harassed and bullied. No promo homo laws, local or state education laws that expressly forbid teachers from discussing gay and transgender issues. The states that allowed this law to be implanted are: Alabama, Arizona, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, and Utah. Apart from the government and organizations pushing for protection of LGBTQ youth in schools, public figures have also reached out to the young gay community to remind them how important they are. In 2010 the famous gay author Dan Savage created the â€Å"It Gets Better Campaign,† in response to the suicides of teenagers who were bullied because they were gay. The website consists of LGBTQ people posting videos directed towards others struggling with their sexuality and who might be contemplating suicide. According to Savage, the website was an overnight success with a claim of 30,000 video entries between 2010 and 2012, including videos from celebrities and respected public figures, such as Barack Obama. This campaign is helping to raise awareness of the injustices and prejudices plaguing the American school systems, which are having detrimental effects on the LGBTQ youth. Another recent and popular campaign that has been gaining much attention recently is known as â€Å"The Trevor Project.† This non-profit organization is also helping raise awareness of the recent LGBTQ youth suicides and according to the gay affiliated magazine, The Advocate; the organization offers the â€Å"Trevor Lifeline,† which includes a telephone number, which will connect people with suicidal thoughts to professional counselors. Because the LGBTQ youth is such a small minority in schools across the country, it is to no surprise that they are at the highest risk of being subjected to bullying and harassment in school. This harassment includes, verbal abuse, physical assault and cyber bullying. Therefore it is no surprise studies that were previously mentioned show that 9 out of 10 LGTBQ students have reported some sort of bullying in school. With the extremely high rates of depression, fear and suicide among the gay youth, it is important that there is a social reform implemented across the country, especially in the schooling system. Regardless of personal opinion and beliefs on homosexuality, everyone deserves to feel safe and happy in their classroom. Thanks to anti-discriminatory and anti-bullying laws implemented in some states, many LGBTQ youth have been working towards equality. However there is still much progress needed. With positive organizations such as â€Å"It Gets Better,† and â€Å"The Trevor Project,† hopefully the rates of bullying, harassment and suicide among the LGTBQ youth will drop, allowing these young students to witness history for themselves and their queer allies. As Ellen DeGeneres once wisely said, â€Å"Things will get easier, people’s minds will change, and you should be alive to see it.† References Scholarly Research 1. Jing Wang, Tonja R. Nansel, Ronald J. Iannotti, Cyber and Traditional Bullying: Differential Association With Depression, Journal of Adolescent Health, Volume 48, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 415-417, ISSN 1054-139X, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.07.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X10003435) Keywords: Cyber bullying; Traditional bullying; Depression 2. Thurlow, Crispin, Naming the â€Å"outsider within†: homophobic pejoratives and the verbal abuse of lesbian, gay and bisexual high-school pupils, Journal of Adolescence, Volume 24, Issue 1, February 2001, Pages 25-38, ISSN 0140-1971, 10.1006/jado.2000.0371. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140197100903713) 3. Rivers, I. D’Augelli, A.R. (2001). The victimization of lesbian, gay and bisexual youths. In D’Augelli, A.R. Patterson, C.J. (ed.) Lesbian, gay and bisexual identities and youth: Psychological perspectives, New York: Oxford University Press. pp.199-223. 4. Russe ll, S.T. Joyner, K. (2002). Adolescent sexual orientation and suicide risk: Evidence from a national study. American Journal Public Health, 91, 1276-1281. 5. D’Augelli, A. R., Pilkington, N. W., Hershberger, S. L. (2002). Incidence and mental health impact of sexual orientation victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths in high school. School Psychology Quarterly, 17, 148-167. 6. Herek, G. M., Berrill, K., Berrill, K. T. (1992). Hate crimes, confronting violence against lesbians and gay men. Sage Publications, Inc. 7. Ybarra, M.L., Diener-West, M., Leaf, P.J. (2007). Examining the overlap in Internet harassment and school bullying: implications for school intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6 Suppl 1),S42-50. 8. Van Wormer, K. , Mckinney, R. (2003). What schools can do to help gay/lesbian/bisexual youth: A harm reduction approach. Adolescence, 38(151), 409-501. 9. Keith, S., Martin, M. (2005). Cyber-bullying: creating a culture of respect in a cyber world. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 13(4), 224-228. 10. Chesir-Teran, D. (2003). Conceptualizing and assessing heterosexism in high schools: A setting-level approach. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 267–279. 11. Hawker, D. S. J., Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(4), 441-455. 12. Vaillancourt, T., Hymel, S., McDougall, P. (2003). Bullying is power: Implications for school-based intervention strate- gies. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 19, 157-17 6. 13. Swearer, S. M., Turner, R. K., Givens, J. E., Pollack, W. S. (2008). â€Å"You’re so gay!† Do different forms of bullying matter for adolescent males? School Psychology Review, 37, 160-173. 14. Duncan, N. (1999) Sexual Bullying: Gender conflict and pupil culture in secondary schools. London, RoutledgeNon-Scholarly Research 15. Tyler Clementi, a gay Rutgers student, was a martyr to cyber-bullying; his roommate, Dharun Ravi, spied on his make-out sessions with a hidden webcam and outed him online. (2012, March 19). National Review, 64(5), 10. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA282583085v=2.1u=vol_b92bit=rp=ITOFsw=w 16. Stonewall. (1999, 21 April). Stonewall News: 77% of Gay Pupils Suffer Homophobic Bullying. Available (03/06/99) at 5http:www.stonewall.org.uk/news 17. Gay bullying. (2010, November 07). Retrieved from http://www.nyaamerica.org 18. StopBullying.gov. Home | StopBullying.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2012. 19. American Educationa l Research Association (2011, October 12). Education research shows LGBTQ-identified students at higher risk than straight-identified students. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 7, 2012, from http://www.sciencedaily.com ­ /releases/2011/10/111012151507.htm 20. Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network (2008). 2007 National School Climate Survey: Nearly 9 out of 10 LGBT Students Harassed. Retrieved December 5, 2012, from

America Needs Capital Punishment Essay -- Pro Death Penalty Essays

In this essay, I will argue for the implementation of the death penalty. I will establish a clear-cut profile for a criminal to be eligible for death row. I will put forth arguments for and against the death penalty as supported by various groups and try to defend my position. I shall also try to criticize the case against the death penalty with individual arguments. Finally, I will demonstrate that no alternative to capital punishment can be reached and try to convince you for its fairness. Despite ethical and moral concerns, the issue of capital punishment must not be dismissed without serious consideration and scrutiny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is our judiciary system working the way it is suppose to? Many people and countries are convinced that the judiciary system of the United States is a joke. While law may be rigid and defined, there are a number of loopholes which allow criminals to be set free into the streets. One such loophole has the death penalty in its eyes. In my opinion, criminals who commit a heinous crime should be put on death row and they should be executed as soon as possible without having the slights chance to end back up in society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What type of criminals would meet the criteria for death row? Should every lawbreaker, from a thief to murderer, be sentenced to such a harsh punishment? Absolutely not. In fact, I propose that it is the very extreme felons that should face this penalty. Murderers are the only ones that should be sentenced to death. As a matter of fact, I believe, it is only mass murderers that should confront this penalty. While murder is inexcusable, there are a number of ways in which a guilty party might not have been in full control nor done so with a different intent. Crimes of passion, for example is one such case where one may be compelled to murder, drunk driving and other driving accidents that cause fatalities. Another example could be seen in cases of revenge, such as killing a rapist. Where as such murderers should be punished accordingly, they do not deserve a death penalty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand, planed violence geared toward a group of induvilas rather than a single person must be penalized. Most murders that are seen today come on the mass scale. News reports are full of stories such as the â€Å"Oklahoma City Bomber†, who killed over one hundred people by bombs. One more recent story was the â€Å"Sniper† story, wher... ...le this system is very good for a single murder and should be implemented, it falls through in the case of multiple murders. Thus so far there are no alternatives to the death penalty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The only reasonable excuse against the death penalty is the execution of an innocent person. None the less, while in the past Techniques such as DNA testing did not exist, frequently police agencies are more precise in their accusation as well as their methods of finding the guilty party. As a society we must grant our trust into the hands of authority. While there still can be wrong imprisonment of people for petty crimes such as robbery, these would not quality for the death row. On the other hand, those people who committed mass murder, and let me reiterate mass murderers are often not wrongfully accused. These people deserve no less for themselves than what they have done to others. Even though we are compelled to remember a famous saying â€Å"An Eye For An Eye Makes The World Go Blind† we should not forget that death penalty, as I believe, should be applied to murderers of multiple victims. In this sense let’s rephrase the saying accordingly â €Å"50 eyes for an eye make’s reasonable sense.† America Needs Capital Punishment Essay -- Pro Death Penalty Essays In this essay, I will argue for the implementation of the death penalty. I will establish a clear-cut profile for a criminal to be eligible for death row. I will put forth arguments for and against the death penalty as supported by various groups and try to defend my position. I shall also try to criticize the case against the death penalty with individual arguments. Finally, I will demonstrate that no alternative to capital punishment can be reached and try to convince you for its fairness. Despite ethical and moral concerns, the issue of capital punishment must not be dismissed without serious consideration and scrutiny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is our judiciary system working the way it is suppose to? Many people and countries are convinced that the judiciary system of the United States is a joke. While law may be rigid and defined, there are a number of loopholes which allow criminals to be set free into the streets. One such loophole has the death penalty in its eyes. In my opinion, criminals who commit a heinous crime should be put on death row and they should be executed as soon as possible without having the slights chance to end back up in society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What type of criminals would meet the criteria for death row? Should every lawbreaker, from a thief to murderer, be sentenced to such a harsh punishment? Absolutely not. In fact, I propose that it is the very extreme felons that should face this penalty. Murderers are the only ones that should be sentenced to death. As a matter of fact, I believe, it is only mass murderers that should confront this penalty. While murder is inexcusable, there are a number of ways in which a guilty party might not have been in full control nor done so with a different intent. Crimes of passion, for example is one such case where one may be compelled to murder, drunk driving and other driving accidents that cause fatalities. Another example could be seen in cases of revenge, such as killing a rapist. Where as such murderers should be punished accordingly, they do not deserve a death penalty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand, planed violence geared toward a group of induvilas rather than a single person must be penalized. Most murders that are seen today come on the mass scale. News reports are full of stories such as the â€Å"Oklahoma City Bomber†, who killed over one hundred people by bombs. One more recent story was the â€Å"Sniper† story, wher... ...le this system is very good for a single murder and should be implemented, it falls through in the case of multiple murders. Thus so far there are no alternatives to the death penalty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The only reasonable excuse against the death penalty is the execution of an innocent person. None the less, while in the past Techniques such as DNA testing did not exist, frequently police agencies are more precise in their accusation as well as their methods of finding the guilty party. As a society we must grant our trust into the hands of authority. While there still can be wrong imprisonment of people for petty crimes such as robbery, these would not quality for the death row. On the other hand, those people who committed mass murder, and let me reiterate mass murderers are often not wrongfully accused. These people deserve no less for themselves than what they have done to others. Even though we are compelled to remember a famous saying â€Å"An Eye For An Eye Makes The World Go Blind† we should not forget that death penalty, as I believe, should be applied to murderers of multiple victims. In this sense let’s rephrase the saying accordingly â €Å"50 eyes for an eye make’s reasonable sense.†

Cinematic Techniques in Film Narrative Essay

How do movies carry us from scene to scene? The answer is in the screenplay as well as the cinematic techniques used in the film. Scriptwriters will start their script with a series of meaningful cinematic techniques. Cinematic techniques such as the act structure, choice of shot, scene transition, and camera movement, can greatly influence the structure and meaning of a film. These techniques include the hook, establishing shot, montage, leitmotif, foreshadowing, transition, ‘MacGuffin’, ‘red herring’, ‘bus’, flashback, climax, and twist ending, and will be discussed in detail. The first and most important technique is the hook. The hook is the core of both a film and its screenplay. It is what grabs the viewer’s attention, usually in the first 5-10 minutes. It is used to captivate and take hold of an audience, blatantly speaking, ‘hooking them in’. If a film does not have a strong ‘hook’ then audiences can lose interest in that film, so a good scriptwriter would use this technique to captivate the audience, and retain their interest throughout the entire film. Almost every film contains a hook, but a great film will have an astonishing hook, for example, ‘Three days of the Condor’, 1975, directed by Sydney Pollack. Another example would include, ‘National Treasure’, 2004, directed by Jon Turteltaub. Knowing the importance of a good hook, many screenwriters write their hooks first. Conceivably, the life of a screenplay might evolve from hook to 1-page synopsis, to 4-page treatment, to full treatment, to scriptment, to screenplay. Another great cinematic technique is the establishing shot. The establishing shot is a long, wide-angle or full, shot at the beginning of a scene intended to show things from a distance. It is used to inform the audience with an overview in order to help identify and orient the locale. â€Å"An establishing shot in film and television sets up, or establishes the context for a scene by showing the relationship between its important figures and objects. It is generally a long- or extreme-long shot at the beginning of a scene indicating where, and sometimes when, the remainder of the scene takes place. † (‘Establishing Shot’, Wikipedia, viewed 27 May 2010, ) An example of a film with an effective establishing shot is ‘The Dark Knight’, 2008, directed by Christopher Nolan. A cinematic technique frequently used in film is the montage. Montage is a form of movie collage consisting of a series of short shots or images that are edited into a sequence to condense space, time, and information. It is usually used to suggest the passage of time. Montage sequences typically combine numerous short shots with special optical effects such as dissolves, cuts, fades, super-impositions, and wipes. These effects are often used to link the images in a montage sequence. One of the best-known examples is the training sequence in the 1976 movie ‘Rocky’, which culminates in Rocky’s run up the steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Another cinematic technique is a leitmotif. A leitmotif is an intentionally-repeated, recurring element or theme associated with a particular person, idea, scene, or action. It can be a repeated sound, shot, bit of dialogue, or piece of music, that helps unify a film by reminding the viewer of its earlier appearance. An example of a leitmotif is in the ‘Star Wars’ series, in which composer John Williams uses a large number of themes specifically associated with people and concepts, for example, a particular idea attaches to the idea of ‘the force’. Foreshadowing is another cinematic technique regularly used by filmmakers. Foreshadowing is a literary technique used to provide subtle clues for the viewer to be able to predict what might occur later on in the film. It is a literary device in which an author will drop hints about the plot and what may come in the near future. These hints are normally in the form of symbols, images, motifs, repetition, dialogue or mood. These hints are an indication of what’s going to happen next in the story and usually suggests plot developments that will occur later in the story. A perfect example of foreshadowing is in the movie Star Wars Episode Two, Obi Wan is quoted, â€Å"Why do I get the feeling you will be the death of me? † He is later killed by Anakin, whom he is speaking to in the quote. Transitions are very important elements to a film, if used appropriately they can add a great deal of value to a scene. A film transition is a technique by which scenes or shots are juxtaposed. The most common transition used is a cut, however, many films will also include selective use of other transitions, usually to convey a tone or mood, suggest the passage of time, or separate parts of the story. These other transitions may include fade, dissolve, wipe, and transition focus. A transition focus is when the current scene goes out of focus and the next scene comes into focus. This type of transition can be seen in the film ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’. A very interesting cinematic technique is the ‘MacGuffin’. â€Å"A MacGuffin is a plot element that catches the viewers’ attention or drives the plot of a work of fiction. The defining aspect of a MacGuffin is that the major players in the story are, at least initially, willing to do and sacrifice almost anything to obtain it, regardless of what the MacGuffin actually is. In fact, the specific nature of the MacGuffin may be ambiguous, undefined, generic, left open to interpretation or otherwise completely unimportant to the plot. Examples might include money, victory/glory, survival, a source of power, a potential threat, etc†¦.or something entirely unexplained. † (‘MacGuffin’, Wikipedia, viewed 29 May 2010, < http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/MacGuffin>) A ‘Red Herring’ is a cinematic technique that is commonly used in thriller films and intended to distract the reader from a more important event in the plot, usually a twist ending. One of the best examples of the use of a red herring in contemporary film can be found in the 2004 movie ‘Saw’. During the whole film, two characters spend time imprisoned in a room in which a third character lies dead. Throughout the film, both characters appear to be guilty of a series of murders, until is discovered at the end that the third person in the room is not actually dead. He is, in fact, the killer. A quite effective scene used more commonly lately is the flashback scene. A flashback is a transition to an earlier event or scene that interrupts the normal chronological development of the story. It is an interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point the story has reached. Flashbacks are often used to recount events that happened before the story’s primary sequence of events or to fill in crucial backstory. The popular television series ‘Lost’ primarily uses flashback sequences to fill in backstory to all of the characters. The Climax of a film is the arguably the most important point of a film or narrative. It is the highest point of anxiety or tension in a story or film in which the central character faces, confronts, and deals with the consequences of all his/her actions. The climax of the 1997 film ‘The Titanic’ is when the ship hits the iceberg. The last cinematic technique discussed is the twist ending or surprise ending. A twist ending is when a film has an unexpected or a surprise ending that isn’t revealed until the end of the picture. This may cause us to re-evaluate the characters and narrative. One of the most recognised twist endings in history is that of the 1999 film ‘The Sixth Sense’. The shocking twist ending is when it is revealed that Bruce Willis’s character has been dead the whole time. How do movies carry us from scene to scene? It’s usually the story’s fascinating hook, dramatic climax, and all of the cinematic elements in between. Excellent filmmakers will use a great deal, if not all, of these cinematic techniques to greatly influence the structure and meaning of a film.