American literature This I believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American writing This I accept - Essay Example On the off chance that you have not perused, remembered, and kept on the most fundamental level that immense and important blessing by our incredible precursors, you would be wise to do. Something else, your responsibility to the reason for equity, the reason for fairness might be really question. One can't have an answer why you have not perused the American revelation of freedom. No reason can be gotten notification from the anybody’s mouth why they have not perused their revelation of freedom. I put stock in its substance, expectations, and indicates. With respect to my case, I will up to the word, phrases, and the importance planned by our incredible precursors. What else would we be able to request? (American Declaration of Independence, para.2). The revelation instructs us and what not to. Our affirmation of autonomy should be pronounced a miracle of the world. It should be an authoritative report with a power of law. It ought to be the grundnorm against which we measure our practices. Have we sought after to the fullest our entitlement to be glad? Are American individuals glad, as we as a whole merit? Do we trust the facts demonstrate that satisfaction is a reality that is plainly obvious? Do we accept that our entitlement to right to life and freedom and joy are basic? Do we figure we should show others how its done and taint all the countries of the world with our firm accept that we should be cheerful? On the off chance that we completely comprehend, our assertion of freedom do we treat different countries as they merit. Regardless of whether the non-derogable are rights to life, opportunity, and quest for bliss constrained to Americans as it were? The American individuals, we should not to decipher the words scholarly. They should be given the amplest conceivable translation. In our quest for the privilege to life and quest for satisfaction, we should preserve the world condition. We ought not be partakers in the complicity of debasing the world condition. We should show others how its done and have different people’s satisfaction in having a clean and

Sweat by Hurston Essay - 1375 Words

Sweat by Hurston (Essay Sample) Content: Student Name:Course:Lecturer Name:Date of Submission:Sweat by HurstonThe story of sweat as written by Hurston starts by introducing the reader to the aspect of protagonist. As Delia is seen sorting out her clothes at her home in Florida. The clothing with sweat is used symbolic. The aspect that the main character in the story is the washerwoman called Delia. The author tries to demonstrate the womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s history of hard times and challenges. For an instance Delia shows a habit of working up-to late hours especially on Sunday night so that she can begin her week earlier, and it happens after she has come out of church (Eagle 100). She is seen singing a song that have a mournful key and she tend to wonder about where her husband by the name Sykes since the horse and the working equipments are around. The aspect of women hard labor existed especially on the African-American women that were offering domestic labor by then in South America.During that period women w ere never respected by their husbands. The authors narrates that as Delia tries to think deep about the whereabouts of her husband, she all over a sudden feels the sound of a snake falling, the incidence makes her to scream loud but to her disbelieve after looking around she finds out that ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s her husband standing in front of her holding bullwhip used to ride the horses (Hurson 230). Such incidence creates an imagine to the reader that is striking but, the reader is supposed to create a different opinion in that the imagine created is not coincidental but the husband is trying to impose an oppressive figure. A habit that indicates the husband does not respect her man. The snake is used to illustrate a symbol of evil. It is seen that Delia is so scared of the snake but the husband does not even care about what the wife is feelingThe circumstance the husband has created makes the wife to become angry. She develops such moods after realizing the husband has intentionally mad e the whip to look like a snake, and the wife scolds the husband in exchange to her behaviors. The husband is seen to be less concerned about what the wife is going through in-terms of her feelings, he even gets to an extent of yelling at her because she has put on whiteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s peoples clothes in their house. Previously he had told her about how he dislikes that habit. The wife is seen trying to ignore him but he makes the situation interesting by kicking the neat pile, the wife has made. The husband is so determined to fight the wife by provoking her with bitter words. But it reaches an extent the wife becomes sick and tired of the husbandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s behavior, so she starts to screams mentioning how determined she has been all through. The situation becomes more violent when she picks up a iron skillet on the stove as she wants to strike him. He is seen being reflecting what has just been happening since he is the one who has stirred up her anger. As the author mentions, her action of picking an iron frightens the husband, and he does not strike her unlike the previous episodes. From the above scenario, it is indicative that, he is also physically abusive when it comes to her wife, but she become rebellious a move that supervised him (Mario 69).The other encounter that comes up is that, Sykes is seen living her wife alone to deal with her unhappy moments and marriage alone. He goes ahead to annoy his wife by sleeping with other women. For an instance, he is seen sleeping with Bertha. He spends all the cash he has earned through much struggle, and he buys for Bertha some precious gifts so as to keep her happy but on the contrary the wife is unhappy. He presents gifts like flowers, and fruits. The fruits and flowers are used in the story to indicate womanhood. Sykes waits until when the wife is still asleep in the morning and stills covers. All the above mentioned circumstances they are signs to indicate that the household is full of problems. The wife i s seen to perceiver her husbandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s abusive character, and she is optimistic that one day he will change. She tries to comfort herself by assuming that one day she will be relieved from the hard time the husband is posing to her. She believes that one day the husband will be paid back.The previous scene is brought to an end, and the readers start to notice that time has gone. Delia is seen coming out of her house to go to wash her clothes. She tries to separate white and black clothes. The white stand for something clean while the black stands for something dark or something bad. Delia wants everything to be clean but on the contrary, Sykes doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t care. She finds herself being paid for her efforts with her sweat and blood. As she is going to wash the clothes, she comes across men sited. The men start to comment about the beauty of Delia, and their conversation changes the tone of the story. The try to reflect back about how Delia used to be, they are comparing he r past life with her present moments. They are saying that, she used to be so pretty and admirable, but now she is not looking good. They are also trying to compare Delia behavior with that of Bertha, and they start to lament her. The people of the whole town are seen to be offended with the Sykes behaviors; they are so fed up only that there is nothing they can do to change the situation (Robert 50). On her way back home from washing the clothes, Delia comes into face to face with Sykes in front Bertha. Sykes is telling Bertha that he will buy her some new clothes, and whatever else she would want from him. He does that so as to annoy Delia and please himself.After some few moments, it is noticed that Bertha has been staying in town for the past three months. The author mentions that Delia and Sykes are over fighting day and night without even giving each other a break. They spend most of the time being silence. When they are eating or even eating they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t dare to excha nge any word. Delia tries to develop some friendship with her husband but the h... Sweat by Hurston Essay - 1375 Words Sweat by Hurston (Essay Sample) Content: Student Name:Course:Lecturer Name:Date of Submission:Sweat by HurstonThe story of sweat as written by Hurston starts by introducing the reader to the aspect of protagonist. As Delia is seen sorting out her clothes at her home in Florida. The clothing with sweat is used symbolic. The aspect that the main character in the story is the washerwoman called Delia. The author tries to demonstrate the womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s history of hard times and challenges. For an instance Delia shows a habit of working up-to late hours especially on Sunday night so that she can begin her week earlier, and it happens after she has come out of church (Eagle 100). She is seen singing a song that have a mournful key and she tend to wonder about where her husband by the name Sykes since the horse and the working equipments are around. The aspect of women hard labor existed especially on the African-American women that were offering domestic labor by then in South America.During that period women w ere never respected by their husbands. The authors narrates that as Delia tries to think deep about the whereabouts of her husband, she all over a sudden feels the sound of a snake falling, the incidence makes her to scream loud but to her disbelieve after looking around she finds out that ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s her husband standing in front of her holding bullwhip used to ride the horses (Hurson 230). Such incidence creates an imagine to the reader that is striking but, the reader is supposed to create a different opinion in that the imagine created is not coincidental but the husband is trying to impose an oppressive figure. A habit that indicates the husband does not respect her man. The snake is used to illustrate a symbol of evil. It is seen that Delia is so scared of the snake but the husband does not even care about what the wife is feelingThe circumstance the husband has created makes the wife to become angry. She develops such moods after realizing the husband has intentionally mad e the whip to look like a snake, and the wife scolds the husband in exchange to her behaviors. The husband is seen to be less concerned about what the wife is going through in-terms of her feelings, he even gets to an extent of yelling at her because she has put on whiteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s peoples clothes in their house. Previously he had told her about how he dislikes that habit. The wife is seen trying to ignore him but he makes the situation interesting by kicking the neat pile, the wife has made. The husband is so determined to fight the wife by provoking her with bitter words. But it reaches an extent the wife becomes sick and tired of the husbandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s behavior, so she starts to screams mentioning how determined she has been all through. The situation becomes more violent when she picks up a iron skillet on the stove as she wants to strike him. He is seen being reflecting what has just been happening since he is the one who has stirred up her anger. As the author mentions, her action of picking an iron frightens the husband, and he does not strike her unlike the previous episodes. From the above scenario, it is indicative that, he is also physically abusive when it comes to her wife, but she become rebellious a move that supervised him (Mario 69).The other encounter that comes up is that, Sykes is seen living her wife alone to deal with her unhappy moments and marriage alone. He goes ahead to annoy his wife by sleeping with other women. For an instance, he is seen sleeping with Bertha. He spends all the cash he has earned through much struggle, and he buys for Bertha some precious gifts so as to keep her happy but on the contrary the wife is unhappy. He presents gifts like flowers, and fruits. The fruits and flowers are used in the story to indicate womanhood. Sykes waits until when the wife is still asleep in the morning and stills covers. All the above mentioned circumstances they are signs to indicate that the household is full of problems. The wife i s seen to perceiver her husbandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s abusive character, and she is optimistic that one day he will change. She tries to comfort herself by assuming that one day she will be relieved from the hard time the husband is posing to her. She believes that one day the husband will be paid back.The previous scene is brought to an end, and the readers start to notice that time has gone. Delia is seen coming out of her house to go to wash her clothes. She tries to separate white and black clothes. The white stand for something clean while the black stands for something dark or something bad. Delia wants everything to be clean but on the contrary, Sykes doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t care. She finds herself being paid for her efforts with her sweat and blood. As she is going to wash the clothes, she comes across men sited. The men start to comment about the beauty of Delia, and their conversation changes the tone of the story. The try to reflect back about how Delia used to be, they are comparing he r past life with her present moments. They are saying that, she used to be so pretty and admirable, but now she is not looking good. They are also trying to compare Delia behavior with that of Bertha, and they start to lament her. The people of the whole town are seen to be offended with the Sykes behaviors; they are so fed up only that there is nothing they can do to change the situation (Robert 50). On her way back home from washing the clothes, Delia comes into face to face with Sykes in front Bertha. Sykes is telling Bertha that he will buy her some new clothes, and whatever else she would want from him. He does that so as to annoy Delia and please himself.After some few moments, it is noticed that Bertha has been staying in town for the past three months. The author mentions that Delia and Sykes are over fighting day and night without even giving each other a break. They spend most of the time being silence. When they are eating or even eating they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t dare to excha nge any word. Delia tries to develop some friendship with her husband but the h...

Impression Management Of A Networked Setting Reading Pop...

Boyd, Danah. â€Å"Impression Management in a Networked Setting† Reading pop culture, 2nd Ed Edited by Jeff Osbourne. Bedford / St. Martins, 2016, PP, 122-127 In â€Å"Impression Management in a Networked Setting†, the reading focuses on how people and mainly adolescents project a type of fade on social media sites. The author states how many young people today are sad, but when on Facebook only take happy looking selfies and hide their true feelings, so they can get more likes from friends. And even how your social media profile page can make a good, or bad impression for a future employer; forcing teens to be more warry about what pictures, videos and reshares that are on their profile page. In the book, it goes into the scenario that teenagers†¦show more content†¦However, when the teens were shown a post of their friends, or people they know with drugs and alcohol; there was no effect to their pleasure center of the brain. Meaning that teens will most likely like / share photos of drugs and alcohol that their friend reshare without a second thought. The reporter in this article got her information from top scientist fro m UCLA Brain Mapping Center. In â€Å"Teens: This is How Social Affects Your Brain†, the researchers never tested adults only adolescent, to see the effect of social media on their brain. This article makes fine research material for a more scientific description of the teen brain, when using social media. Freitas, Donna. â€Å"The Happiness Effect: How Social Media is Driving a Generation to Appear Perfect at Any Cost†. Oxford University Press, 2016. Ebook. In the EBook â€Å"The Happiness Effect: How Social Media is Driving a Generation to Appear Perfect at Any Cost†, the author, Donna Freitas, has a PhD is sociology and has conducted years of research on the topic of social media effecting teens. Donna focuses on how Social media has become the dominant force in young people s lives, and each day seems to bring another shocking tale of private pictures getting into the wrong hands, or a lament that young people feel compelled to share every thought with the entire globe. Pulling from countless survey and interviews with students on thirteen college campuses,

Corporate Social Responsibility On Firms Financial...

In this article, we will be looking at the effect Corporate Social Responsibility on firm’s financial performance. I will introduce a few examples of some practices that could be implemented towards CSR actions plans that will benefit financial production. I will also include examples of some well known companies that have implemented some of the practices mentioned and what these changes did for the company. When a company or firm makes an investment in Corporate Social Responsibility practices, it should also be looked at as an investment in company reputation. Normally when investors are looking for potential clients, they look at a company’s reputation. Employees also look towards companies’ reputations, meaning companies with better†¦show more content†¦These types of practices can prove very effective in lowering costs and increasing efficiency within the company. CSR practices also make firms look more attractive to stakeholders by creating less of a risk factor. Organizations engaged in CSR practices signal that they are committed and willing to meet stakeholder demands and communicate better throughout their company including investors, shareholders, employees and customers. CSR can also be a driver of innovation. Operational changes that come due to CSR can lead to growth opportunities through new product development and cost savings from production efficiencies. Increasing environmental performance through CSR affects companies’ bottom-line measures by strengthening and improving environmental practices. For example, waste management and reducing pollution. A company can better financial performance through increased revenues and lower costs. Ever since the beginning of industry, companies for the most part have involved themselves in corporate social responsibility. Lately the practice of CSR has grown quite a bit, although there are still concerns about corporations’ roles in social responsibilities. Currently the majority of fortune 1000 companies implements CSR reports and are trying to define and integrate CSR into all parts of their organization. CSR has become increasingly important for large companies and firms, but many debate that the responsibilities of CSR fall on the government and should not be

Enforceable Business Agreement Contract Law

Question: Describe the Enforceable Business Agreement for Contract Law. Answer: 1 Under all the three cases mentioned below, the analysis is to find out if there is an enforceable agreement from Jack and Jane and if there is consideration involved as per the rules of the Contract Law. The analysis is done based on the definition of the Contract act and its fundamental essence a ) Jane is going overseas and she offers to give her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack. The market value for this type of vehicle in good condition is around $25 000. Jack accepts The key elements of a legally enforceable contract is that A )There must be an offer B ) The other party has to accept the offer C ) The acceptance has to be on the back of a consideration D ) There must be an intention to fulfill a mutual obligation wherein the offerer offers and the offeree discharges a valid consideration E ) Both the parties must be competent and capable of entering into a contract. F ) In some cases, there has to be written instrument. In the instant case, Jane has made an offer to give the car when she is going overseas. Jack has accepted the obligation to keep the car. Since the car is not sold to Jack for a valid consideration, there is no mutuality of obligation as mentioned in point D above. Though the market value of the car is $ 25,000 there is no consideration exchanged. Hence this is not an enforceable contract and no consideration. It is only a request to keep the car which Jack has accepted to discharge. b ) Jane offers to sell Jack her Lotus Super 7 sports car for $ 25 000. The market value for this type of vehicle in good condition is around $ 25 000. Jack accepts In this case, unlike case b above, Jane is selling the car and Jack has accepted the offer of Jane by accepting to buy the car. Hence there is mutuality of obligation as per Point D above. The discharge of obligation is also on a valid consideration amount. Hence all the points mentioned above are satisfied in this case There is an offer Which Jane has made to Jack There is an acceptance of the offer Jack has accepted the offer Consideration There is a consideration to fulfill the contract There is a mutual obligation Jane is obliged to deliver the car and Jack is obliged to discharge the consideration. Competency and capability Both parties are competent and capable to enter into a contract Written instrument There is no strict stipulation that contracts have to be written. Even an oral contract like this one is enforceable c ) Jane offers to sell Jack her Lotus Super 7 sports car for $2500. The market value for this type of vehicle in good condition is around $25 000. Jack accepts. In this case, all the conditions mentioned in answer b above are fulfilled. Hence this is a valid enforceable contract. In the absence of other information, the magnitude of the amount compared to the market value of the car is not a valid criterion to assess to check the enforceability of the contract. Hence the amount of $ 2500 to sell the car when the market price is $ 25000 is not to be considered when assessing the validity of the contract and its enforceability. The value for a contract is be assessed objectively and in case the purchaser and the seller have agreed to the consideration, law has no locus standi to question the adequacy of the same 2. A shipbuilder had contracted to build a tanker for North Ocean Tankers. The contract was in US dollars and didnt contain any provisions for currency fluctuations. Approximately halfway through construction of the ship, the United States devalued its currency by 10 per cent. As the shipbuilder stood to make a loss on the contract, it demanded that an extra US $ 3 million be paid or it would stop work. The buyer reluctantly agreed under protest to pay, as he already had a charter for the tanker and it was essential that it be delivered on time. The buyer didnt commence action to recover the excess payment until some nine months after delivery. Will the buyer succeed in recovering the excess? 2 - Under the contract law, duress or coercion occurs whereby a person is forced to perform a certain act which he does not want to do but agrees to do it purely out of force, threat, violence or other forms of pressure not in the normal course of functioning. Thus duress is a pressure which is exerted upon a person to perform or not perform an act contra distinct from that of behavior of a normal person with all degrees of freedom to act. Thus duress curbs the degrees of freedom of a defendant in extraordinary circumstances In terms of contract law, duress refers to a situation where one of the parties got elevated into an advantageous position due to any circumstance and abused the position by subjecting the other party to a threat. Black Law Dictionary defines duress that it is a threat of harm made to force the other party to do something against his or her will which results in ascendance of the threatening party in comparison to the threatened party and force action without real volition. Under contract law, there are two types of duress namely a) Physical Duress b) Economic Duress. In the instant case, where the ship builder has demanded extra compensation, it is a clear case of Economic Duress. For Economic Duress to occur, there has to be illegal economic pressure on the other party to conduct his affairs in an extraordinary fashion. The pre requisites are There is an improper threat There is no alternative of the disadvantaged party but to accept the other party conditions The threat changes the color of the contract which was originally made and defeats or alters the original intention of the contract There is an objective financial distress being caused to the other party If these above conditions are satisfied then the contract can be made voidable by the sufferer (HubPages, 2016) In the instant case, there is a shipbuilder who has entered into a contract with North Ocean Tankers to build a tanker at a certain price in US dollars. The contract has not envisaged any provision for financial loss due to currency fluctuations. However, after the first installment, US devalued their currency by 10 % and the ship builder demanded compensation of USD 3 million as compensation for the financial loss with the threat that delivery will not be adhered to if the owner does not make good the loss. Thus the shipbuilder put an improper threat ultra vires to the terms of the agreed contract and the contract could be made voidable by North Ocean Tankers. However, North Ocean tankers decided to pay the compensation under the fear that they may lose the charter for the tanker if the tanker was not delivered on time. In the case of North Ocean Shipping versus Hyundai which is a similar case, North Ocean had agreed to pay the compensation since they wished to maintain amicable rel ationship and without prejudice to their rights. (E-lawresources.co.uk, 2016) The judgment was that amicable relationship is not good consideration. One of the pre a condition of a contract is that there has to a consideration and has to be measurable. Amicable relationship is not an objective measurable consideration and hence it is not good consideration . But the act was performed under Economic Duress as defined above where there was an improper threat from the ship builder to cancel the delivery, North Ocean was disadvantaged and ship builder went into an ascendant position because of the economic duress caused, the color of the contract and the financial conditions were materially changed and the objective financial distress of USD 3 mn was measurable. Hence the contract was voidable at the option of North Ocean. But they chose to keep it alive without any alteration. They could have entered into a fresh contract with the ship builder by rescinding the original contract if they wanted to continue with the construction of the ship with the same ship buil der. They chose to remain silent and pay the USD 3 mn as compensation to maintain amicable relation. Amicable relation is not a valid obligation for a contract. (Netk.net.au, 2016) At the same time, they delayed in bringing the case to the court by nine months after delivery of the vessel. The obligation of North Ocean in this case is two pronged which has not been discharged Rescind the contract and demand compensation from the ship builder as per the terms of the original contract in addition to business loss OR Ratify the original contract by entering into a new contract with revised financial terms OR In case of dispute, register a case against the ship builder for creating Economic Duress in the instant moment (Academia.edu, 2016) North Ocean on the other hand did not take any of the steps mentioned above and chose to remain silent until 9 months of delivery. Hence though the case is a fit case of Economic Duress and the contract is voidable, excess is not recoverable from the ship builder. North Ocean by their choice of inaction had affirmed the original contract and had lost all right of rescinding the same. The contract was voidable due to the duress, which in the absence of timely action under any of the three methods stated above, they had lapsed their right to rescind and claim compensation. (Australiancontractlaw.com, 2016) In the North Ocean versus Hyundai case which is a similar case, there were some additional points which were facts of the case. The additional compensation of USD 3 mn was backed by a reverse letter of credit given by the builder to the owner. At the same time, North Ocean had agreed to the compensation without prejudice to their rights(Quizlet.com, 2016) Considering this fact, the additional letter of credit for USD 3 mn given by the builder was considered to be adequate consideration for the agreement to pay 10 % more than the contract value as compensation for undertaking the additional obligation and had held themselves liable to the increased loss. Thus when a threat to a contract had led to an additional contract, such contract made on adequate consideration was under economic duress and hence was voidable. But given that no action was taken by North Ocean indirectly affirms the contract in the absence of the explicit statement that it is not their intention to affirm the contract to the builder. Thus the owner was not entitled to the claim of 10 % to be returned. In this judgment, the dictat of Smith versus Charlick Ltd ( 1924 ) 34 CLR and Skeate versus Beale ( 1840 ) 11 Ad El 984 was considered. References Academia.edu. (2016).Duress : the doctrine of Economic Duress | Surya Kiran - Academia.edu. [online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/8117588/Duress_the_doctrine_of_Economic_Duress [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Australiancontractlaw.com. (2016).Australian Contract Law | Julie Clarke. [online] Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/ [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Australiancontractlaw.com. (2016).Australian Contract Law | Julie Clarke. [online] Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law.html [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. E-lawresources.co.uk. (2016).North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction (The Atlantic Baron). [online] Available at: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/North-Ocean-Shipping-v-Hyundai-Construction-(The-Atlantic-Baron).php [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. HubPages. (2016).Duress and Undue Influence - Descriptions Cases. [online] Available at: https://hubpages.com/education/Duress [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Netk.net.au. (2016).Contract Law lecture: "Consideration" in Acceptance of Contract. [online] Available at: https://netk.net.au/Contract/04Consideration.asp [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Quizlet.com. (2016).Cases Week 8 Flashcards | Quizlet. [online] Available at: https://quizlet.com/23236182/cases-week-8-flash-cards/ [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016].

The Lake Essays - Human-powered Watercraft, Kayak,

The Lake It was the middle of springtime and across from my house where the incident took place. There was a lake there in which my brother and I loved to explore from time to time. The humidity and waterdrops where reminiscent of a fully functional sauna. The onslaught of heat and burning glow of the sun was relentless. Nonetheless, this fact did not bother us one bit, but gave us more incentive to dance with our cool and embracing "long-lost love". The first step of this operation was making sure that our neighbors had gone away from the house for at least two hours. Since it was their lake and property, this made it safe for us in not getting caught in the middle of our escapade. Upon this, my brother and I snuck to their backyard like two undercover police officers, until we were in the clear. Nerve-wracking minutes later, flowed the emerald green and ever-so lively lake in front of us. We stopped and starred in awe. The lake had appeared so shiny and reflective, it resembled a finely-cut diamond. The rare and distinct fragrance enticed us. It smelled like mother-nature herself, with aromas ranging from wildlife and wet grass, to evaporated swamp water and healthy dirt. Then, the time for us to find the desired vessel arrived. We chose the kayaks, and set out for the water. Carefully, with our torn-jeans rolled up, and shirts off, we dragged the massive thing over the slope of grass and mud into the shallow stream. We then hopped aboard, grabbed the paddles, and floated and splashed into nowhere. The wavy current sucked us downstream, periodically bouncing us off of sandbags and sharp branches leaning over the water- Now that was true adventure! Minutes later, my brother and I, after passing under many pipes and tunnels, floated into a huge "cul de sac" of water, with an island in the center. In our amazement, we paddled there as vigorously as toddlers learning to swim. We tied the kayaks to a thin branch with the slimy green rope mysteriously attached to them, and hopped onto the island. We basked in pure amazement. After the tempo settled, we started our natural brotherly routine. My brother and I sat on the muddy bank, with our feet dipped in water, and threw stones out as far away as we could in our competitive nature. We set aside our differences, and together, bonded. My newfound companion and I sat, laughed, fought, played, and talked, as the sun slowly left us. At this point it did not matter what happened to us for taking the kayaks, because whatever it was, it could not replace the priceless experience we shared with one another.

Free sample - Women Criminals with Mental Disorders. translation missing

Women Criminals with Mental Disorders. Women Criminals with Mental DisordersExecutive summary Positivistic approaches argue that criminal behavior is as a result of the interaction between biological, environmental as well as social factors. They propose that individuals are predisposed to crime by factors such as low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures. Biological positivism proposes that caused by biological inferiority. Biological crime theories also argue that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors with low levels of estrogen in females being shown to reduce their sexual drives hence making them less likely to commit offences related to sex. Psychological theories of crime include: Psychoanalytic theory which argues that all human beings have the natural drives as well as urges for committing crime which are repressed in the unconscious mind. Freud, the proponent of this theory argues that people with unresolved social issues who are referred to as psychopaths in psychology, have absolutely no sens e of quilt, no subjective conscience, no sense of right or wrong, and no ability to empathize and therefore are likely to engage in crime due to their compromised conscience. Cognitive development theory as a psychological theory of crime argues that criminal behavior emanates from peoples’ perception of law and morality. Learning theory on the other hand argues that people learn criminal ways by associating those who engage in the vice. Neoclassical theory of crime argues that, factors such as insanity which reduces individual’s free will make the individual more likely to engage in crime. Postpartum psychosis and Postpartum exhaustion affect the mother to the extend that she carries out infanticide. Introduction Criminology is a behavioral science that focuses on the study of the nature, extend, causes as well as the control of criminal behavior. This paper discusses criminological theories and how they play in with women criminals. It focuses majorly on mental illnesses in women and how these illnesses predispose them to crime. Previous researchers have not linked such theories with criminal behavior in women and that’s why this subject is of interest to me. Research methodology To achieve the research objectives, both primary and secondary sources of information were made use of. Primary sources of data consisted of interviews carried out on professionals such as psychologists well versed with the subject. Secondary sources of information on the other hand consisted of library research targeting books and articles touching on the subject. Research findings and discussion. Sociological positivism as a school of thought proposes that people are predisposed to crime by societal factors such as low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures (Seidman, 1996). Other proponents of this school of thought have suggested that overpopulation contributes very highly to increased crime in the society (Seidman, 1996). Theories of crime apply to both males and females. Biological theories of crime causation also popularly referred to as biological positivism are theories which argue that criminals are different from non-criminals and that crime is caused by biological inferiority (Seidman, 1996). According to this theory, the innate psychological make up produces certain physical as well as genetic traits which distinguish criminals from those who are not criminals. Hormonal abnormalities have also been linked with criminal behaviors. Researchers believe that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors. L ow levels of estrogen in women reduce their sexual drives hence make them less likely to commit offences related to sex (Cohn, 2007). Proponents of Positivistic approaches argue that criminal behavior is as a result of the interaction between biology and environmental as well as social factors (Morse, 1997). They believe that biology or genes can predispose a person to criminal behaviors. What determines if the person commits the criminal behavior or not is the environmental or social conditions the person is subjected to (Marina, 1996).   Psychological theories of crime argue that human differences make some people more predisposed to committing crime than others. These individual differences in behavior are caused by differences in personal characteristics as well as biological factors and social interactions among individuals. Psychoanalytic theory of crime was proposed by Sigmund Freud (Marina, 1996). This theory proposes that all human beings have the natural drives as well as urges for committing crime which are repressed in the unconscious mind (Marina, 1996). This shows that all human beings have an inherent capacity to commit crime. Human beings however develop inner controls to suppress this urge to commit crime as they get socialized in the society. Freud suggested that, faulty identification of children with their parents causes the development of criminal behavior in them. Freud believed that individuals with unresolved as well as deep – rooted social problems are referred to as psychopaths (Mea d, 1934). Such people have absolutely no sense of quilt, no subjective conscience, no sense of right or wrong, and no ability to empathize. These people are also known as sociopaths or antisocial personalities and are more likely to engage in crime due to their compromised conscience (Mead, 1934). Cognitive development theory is a theory that argues that criminal behavior emanates from peoples’ perception of law and morality (Mead, 1934). The proponent of this school of thought is Kohlberg, a developmental psychologist (Siegel, 2003). He proposed three levels of moral development. According to him, there are basically three levels of moral reasoning with each level having two stages. The first level of moral development occurs during middle childhood. This level is called the preconventional level. At this level, children stick to moral principles in an effort to avoid punishment by remaining obedient (Morse, 1997). The second level is termed as the conventional level and it occurs at the end of middle childhood (Cohn, 2007). At this stage, individual’s moral reasoning is pegged on the expectations that their family as well as significant others have for them (Siegel, 2003). The third stage of moral development occurs during early adulthood. At this stage, moral reasoning is no longer based on social conventions. At this stage, individuals act as change agents and strive to advance the existing social laws and order (McLennan, 1980). Failure by individuals to transit successfully from one level of moral development to another leads to moral fixation, a situation whereby, individual’s moral development is arrested. Such individuals end up engaging in criminal behaviors. This is true for men as it is for women (McLennan, 1980). Learning theory on the other hand is based on behavioral psychology principles. Behavioral psychology proponents argue that behavior is learned while its maintenance is ensured by factors such as rewards and consequences (McLennan, 1980). According to this theory therefore, people learn criminal ways by associating with people who engage in the vice. Neoclassical theory of crime argues that, though human beings exercise free will, factors such as insanity may reduce an individual’s capacity to exercise the same (Cohn, 2007). Postpartum psychosis, also referred to as postpartum blues, is simply a psychological depression that occurs to a large number of mothers after delivery (Moyer, 2001). Its estimated to occur in about 50% of all mothers after giving birth. This condition has been termed by mental health experts as a leading precipitator of infanticide. This condition attacks women some few months after pregnancy and may linker for over a year (Moyer, 2001). Its characterized by: sadness, fatigue, disturbed sleeping pattern, reduced libido, loss of appetite, anxiety, episodes of crying and irritability. Hormonal changes in women is known to be the leading cause of the condition. Postpartum exhaustion is slightly different from postpartum depression and its is caused by fatigue, sleep deprivation as well as hormonal changes in the bodes of women immediately after giving birth (Moyer, 2001). Prevalence of this condition is higher in women who give birth to children with severe colic as well as other cond itions which result to abnormal sleep schedules (Moyer, 2001). Baby or maternity blues is a condition that affects about 80% of women after giving birth. Its characterized by mild and transitory moodiness, tearfulness, irritability, hypochondriasis, sleeplessness, concentration impairment, feelings of isolation, and headache. This condition leads to inconsistence of mothers with childcare (Deflem, 2006). Such mothers focus on the negative aspects of childcare leading to poor coping strategies. This worsens the mother-infant relationship and in most cases leads to infanticide (Deflem, 2006). Conclusion This paper has discussed Positivistic approaches to criminal behavior which argue that the tendency to engage in crime is as a result of the interaction between biological, environmental as well as social factors. Factors which predispose people to crime according to this theory have been discussed and they have included: low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures. Biological crime theories have also been discussed. They argue that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors with low levels of estrogen in females being shown to reduce their sexual drives hence making them less likely to commit offences related to sex. Psychological theories of crime have included: Psychoanalytic theory, Cognitive development theory, and Learning theory. Finally, Postpartum psychosis and Postpartum exhaustion have been seen to affect the mother to the extend that she carries out infanticide. References Cheng, E. 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